@proceedings {811,
	title = {Software Informatics?},
	year = {2009},
	abstract = {The paper proposes the term {\textquoteright}software informatics{\textquoteright} to describe research on the individual, collaborative, and social aspects of software production and use, spanning multiple representations of software from design, to source code, to application. It does this with a particular focus on information processes around software development. As more applications are web-based or available online for download and increasing amounts of source code is also available online, the information processes surrounding software are changing the way that software is created, appropriated and redesigned. Traditional distinctions between software developer and end-user are blurring, with software development processes occurring along a continuum of the proportion of original code written to develop the application, from build from scratch, through library and API calls, copy-paste programming, web mashup development, end-user programming, to creative design through the selection and combination of existing applications. All these design activities have much in common and can benefit from being studied as a whole.},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2142/9600},
	author = {Jones, M. Cameron and Michael B Twidale}
}
@conference {804,
	title = {Users of Open Source Software - How do they get help?},
	booktitle = {HICSS 2009},
	year = {2009},
	abstract = {A study was conducted across multiple open source software online technical help communities. This paper presents the types of discussions that occur, the types of questions asked and the type of responses that are given. The implications for socio-technical design are considered, exploring how help requests and discussions can be used to improve future help-giving, documentation and interface and functionality redesign.},
	keywords = {technical help},
	doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.489},
	author = {Singh, V and Twidale, M.B and Nichols, D.M}
}
@conference {1460670,
	title = {The confusion of crowds: non-dyadic help interactions},
	booktitle = {CSCW {\textquoteright}08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {699{\textendash}702},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Help-giving interactions in open source technical support 
often involve more people than the conventional help-giver 
help-seeker pair. Contributions include lightweight but 
useful me-too contributions from fellow help-seekers. 
Problems with the reuse of help documentation may be 
resolved by contextualized discussions, and those 
discussions themselves are found to be substantially reused. },
	keywords = {help-giving, technical help},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-007-4},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1460563.1460670},
	author = {Singh, V and Twidale, M.B}
}
@conference {Twidale2008,
	title = {Infrastructures From the Bottom-Up and the Top-Down: Can They Meet in the Middle?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings PDC 2008},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {238-241},
	abstract = {Based on a study of participatory design in the development of cyberinfrastructure involving the rapid composition of open source software and web services, we consider cases where researchers create their own ad hoc infrastructures out of available software. We compare "top- down" and "bottom-up" cyberinfrastructure development and speculate on whether the two approaches can be productively combined.},
	author = {Twidale, M.B and Floyd, I.R.}
}
@proceedings {813,
	title = {Infrastructures From the Bottom-Up and the Top-Down: Can They Meet in the Middle?},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {238-241.},
	abstract = {Based on a study of participatory design in the development of cyberinfrastructure involving the rapid composition of open source software and web services, we consider cases where researchers create their own ad hoc infrastructures out of available software. We compare "top- down" and "bottom-up" cyberinfrastructure development and speculate on whether the two approaches can be productively combined.},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2142/9526},
	author = {Twidale, M.B and Floyd, I.R.}
}
@inbook {812,
	title = {Patchworks of Open-Source Software: High-Fidelity Low-cost Prototypes. },
	booktitle = {The Handbook of Research on Open Source Software. },
	year = {2007},
	pages = {126-140.},
	publisher = {Idea Group, Inc.},
	organization = {Idea Group, Inc.},
	author = {Jones, M.C. and Floyd, I.R. and Twidale, M.B}
}
@conference {807,
	title = {Web Mash-ups and Patchwork Prototyping: User-driven technological innovation with Web 2.0 and Open Source Software},
	booktitle = {2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS{\textquoteright}07)2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS{\textquoteright}07)},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {86 - 86},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Waikoloa, HI, USA},
	abstract = {The recent emergence of web mash-ups and open
source software is driving the development of new
practices in software and systems development. In this
paper we explore novel practices of user-driven
innovation through an examination of several case
studies which illustrate how users and developers are
exploiting the proliferation of open APIs and open
source systems. Developers can rapidly create proofs
of concept that are robust enough for actual use by
combining preexisting software components. The
underlying programming processes involved make use
of tried-and-true software development techniques,
and may not appear innovative at first. However, the
application of these practices and techniques to
problem solving by non-programmers shows a high
degree of creative innovation, giving rise to new ways
of thinking about technology design and production.},
	isbn = {0-7695-2755-8},
	issn = {1530-1605},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2007.612},
	author = {Floyd, I.R. and Jones, M.C. and Rathi, D. and Twidale, M.B}
}
@conference {814,
	title = {Open Source Technical Support: A Look at Peer Help-Giving},
	booktitle = {39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS{\textquoteright}06)Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS{\textquoteright}06)},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {118c},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Kauia, HI, USA},
	abstract = {We explore online technical support of open source software by a study of postings to discussion boards. Our results indicate that there are several types of detail that are required by the help-givers to be able to diagnose and remediate help-seekers{\textquoteright} difficulties. As a result help interactions may iterate somewhat inefficiently. These findings are compared with studies of telephone technical help lines for commercial software, and library reference interviews. By considering certain rather problematic interactions we can identify ways to improve the process.},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2006.370},
	author = {Singh, V and Twidale, M.B and Rathi, D.}
}
@article {808,
	title = {Usability processes in open source projects},
	journal = {Software Process: Improvement and Practice},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2006},
	month = {03/2006},
	pages = {149 - 162},
	abstract = {We explore how some open source projects address issues of usability. We describe the mechanisms, techniques and technology used by open source communities to design and refine the interfaces to their programs. In particular we consider how these developers cope with their distributed community, lack of domain expertise, limited resources and separation from their users. We also discuss how bug reporting and discussion systems can be improved to better support bug reporters and open source developers.},
	issn = {1099-1670},
	doi = {10.1002/spip.256},
	author = {David M Nichols and Michael B Twidale}
}
@conference {815,
	title = {Wikifying your interface:  Facilitating Community-Based Interface Translation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Designing Interactive systems  - DIS {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {321-330},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	abstract = {We explore the application of a wiki-based technology and
style of interaction to enabling the incremental translation
of a collaborative application into a number of different
languages, including variant English language interfaces
better suited to the needs of particular user communities.
The development work allows us to explore in more detail
the design space of functionality and interfaces relating to
tailoring, customization, personalization and localization,
and the challenges of designing to support ongoing
incremental contributions by members of different use
communities.},
	isbn = {1595933670},
	doi = {10.1145/1142405.1142453},
	author = {Jones, M.C. and Rathi, D. and Twidale, M.B}
}
@article {Nichols02usabilityand,
	title = {The Usability of Open Source Software},
	journal = {First Monday},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2003},
	abstract = {Open source communities have successfully developed a great deal of software although most computer users only use proprietary applications. The usability of open source software is often regarded as one reason for this limited distribution. In this paper we review the existing evidence of the usability of open source software and discuss how the characteristics of open source development influence usability. We describe how existing human-computer interaction techniques can be used to leverage distributed networked communities, of developers and users, to address issues of usability.},
	url = {http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1018/939},
	author = {David M Nichols and Michael B Twidale}
}
