@inbook {1742,
	title = {On the Variability of the BSD and MIT Licenses},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {146-156},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {The MIT/X11 and the BSD are two of the most important family of Free and Open Source (FOSS) licenses. Because these licenses are to be inserted into the files that use it, and because they are expected to be changed by those who use them, their text has suffered alterations over time. Some of this variability is the result of licenses containing template fields which allow the license to be customized to include information such as the copyright holder name. Other variability can be attributed to changes in spelling, punctuation, and adding or removing conditions. This study empirically evaluated the extent that the BSD and MIT/X11 family of licenses are varied, and the manner and frequency in which license texts vary from the original definition. The study found that the BSD family has little variability, with a significant proportion fitting the common standard. The MIT/X11 family of licenses exhibited significantly more variation, with a higher propensity to customize the license text. In addition, the MIT/X11 license has spawned several specialized variants which likely constitute different legal meanings. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed on what variability needs to be accommodated by the Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) which is in the process of standardizing the allowed variability of both licenses.
},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_14},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_14},
	author = {Maryka, Trevor and German, DanielM. and Poo-Caama{\~n}o, Germ{\'a}n},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@article {1793,
	title = {Volunteer Management in Open Source Communities},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	abstract = {Open source community management is largely ad-hoc and
relies on practitioner guides. Yet there is a great deal of information
about volunteer management in the general volunteering
literature, open source literature and general volunteering
guides which could be relevant to open source communities
if it were categorized and validated. Bringing these
different sources of information together also reveals gaps in
our understanding of volunteer management in open source
which I hope to address.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/c101-barcomb.pdf},
	author = {Barcomb, Ann}
}
@conference {Barcomb:2014:VAR:2641580.2641628,
	title = {Volunteer Attraction and Retention in Open Source Communities},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
	series = {OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {40:1{\textendash}40:2},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The importance of volunteers in open source has led to the position of community manager becoming more common in foundations and projects. Yet the advice for volunteer management and retention is fragmented, incomplete, contradictory, and has not been empirically examined. Our aim is to fill this gap by creating a comprehensive guidebook of best practices drawing from open source practitioner guides and general literature on volunteering, and to subject a subset of practices to empirical study. A method for evaluating volunteer attrition in terms of value to the organization will also be developed.
},
	keywords = {Community Management, FLOSS, open source, Recruitment, Service Duration, Volunteer Management, Volunteer Retention, Volunteers},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3016-9},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641628},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2641580.2641628},
	author = {Barcomb, Ann}
}
@article {howison2010validity-issues,
	title = {Validity Issues in the Use of Social Network Analysis with Digital Trace data},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {Article 2},
	abstract = {There is an exciting natural match between social network analysis methods and the growth of data sources produced by social interactions via information technologies, from online communities to corporate information systems. Information Systems researchers have not been slow to embrace this combination of method and data. Such systems increasingly provide "digital trace data" that provide new research opportunities. Yet digital trace data are substantively different from the survey and interview data for which network analysis measures and interpretations were originally developed. This paper examines ten validity issues associated with the combination of data digital trace data and social network analysis methods, with examples from the IS literature, to provide recommendations for improving the validity of research using this combination.},
	keywords = {information system, Online Communities, social network analysis, Virtuality},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/HowisonSNADigitalTraceData-WorkingPaper.pdf},
	author = {Howison, James and Andrea Wiggins and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {1293,
	title = {Virtual Health Information Infrastructures: A Scalable Regional Model},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {316-319},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Integrating research, education and evidence-based medical practice requires complex infrastructures and network linkages among these critical activities. This research examines communities of practice and open source software tools in development of scalable virtual infrastructures for the regional Virtual Health Library of the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences System (Bireme) and embedded national cases. Virtual infrastructures refer to an environment characterized by overlapping distribution networks accessible through Internet portals and websites designed to facilitate integrated use of available resources. Case analysis shows engagement of interdisciplinary communities of practice for scalable virtual infrastructure design. This research program considers theory and methods for study of transferability of the Latin American model to large health care systems in other cultures.},
	keywords = {Bireme, Communities Of Practice, culture, open source systems, virtual infrastructures},
	author = {Seror, Ann}
}
@conference {1305,
	title = {Visualizing collaboration and influence in the open-source software community},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th working conference on Mining software repositories - MSR {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	note = {"This data set includes the complete social graph of 500,000 follow links as well as over 1,000,000 commits and 50,000 users."

"...a large fraction of [GitHub] users provide a location in their profile, which we can turn into geographic coordinates using a geocoding API like PlaceFinder...

"For each repository, we extract the owner, collaborator, and contributor usernames, plus branch names. New user- names help to find new repositories, while branch names are used to fetch commit metadata. Using this method, the crawler uncovered 40,860 code repositories, representing 33,388 unique project names and 1,219,872 individual commits."

"In addition to crawled data, we use the complete GitHub user follower graph from Jan 19, 2011. This graph includes 452,248 links connecting 106,247 unique users, 47\% (49,500) of which could be geocoded with the PlaceFinder API"},
	month = {05/2011},
	pages = {223-226},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {New York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {We apply visualization techniques to user profiles and repository metadata from the GitHub source code hosting service. Our motivation is to identify patterns within this development community that might otherwise remain obscured. Such patterns include the effect of geographic distance on developer relationships, social connectivity and influence among cities, and variation in project-specific contribution styles (e.g., centralized vs. distributed). Our analysis examines directed graphs in which nodes represent users{\textquoteright} geographic locations and edges represent (a) follower relationships, (b) successive commits, or (c) contributions to the same project. We inspect this data using a set of visualization techniques: geo-scatter maps, small multiple displays, and matrix diagrams. Using these representations, and tools based on them, we develop hypotheses about the larger GitHub community that would be difficult to discern using traditional lists, tables, or descriptive statistics. These methods are not intended to provide conclusive answers; instead, they provide a way for researchers to explore the question space and communicate initial insights.},
	keywords = {COLLABORATION, data exploration, geography, geoscatter, github, graph, mapping, metadata, open source, social graph, user profiles, visualization},
	isbn = {9781450305747},
	doi = {10.1145/1985441.1985476},
	url = {http://vis.stanford.edu/files/2011-GotHub-MSR.pdf},
	author = {Marschner, Eli and Rosenfeld, Evan and Heer, Jeffrey and Heller, Brandon}
}
@conference {1829,
	title = {Validity concerns in software engineering research},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the FSE/SDP workshop on Future of software engineering research - FoSER {\textquoteright}10},
	year = {2010},
	note = {"Obtaining a balanced set of data from
open source repositories has been an issue in the open source
research community for some time, and several collections
of data have grown to attempt to solve this problem [11, 13,
20]."},
	pages = {411},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Santa Fe, New Mexico, USANew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {Empirical studies that use software repository artifacts have become popular in the last decade due to the ready availability of open source project archives. In this paper, we survey empirical studies in the last three years of ICSE and FSE proceedings, and categorize these studies in terms of open source projects vs. proprietary source projects and the diversity of subject programs used in these studies. Our survey has shown that almost half (49\%) of recent empirical studies used solely open source projects. Existing studies either draw general conclusions from these results or explicitly disclaim any conclusions that can extend beyond specific subject software. We conclude that researchers in empirical software engineering must consider the external validity concerns that arise from using only several well-known open source software projects, and that discussion of data source selection is an important discussion topic in software engineering research. Furthermore, we propose a community research infrastructure for software repository benchmarks and sharing the empirical analysis results, in order to address external validity concerns and to raise the bar for empirical software engineering research that analyzes software artifacts. },
	keywords = {flossmole cited},
	isbn = {9781450304276},
	doi = {10.1145/1882362.1882446},
	author = {Wright, Hyrum K. and Kim, Miryung}
}
@conference {969,
	title = {Validity of network analyses in Open Source Projects},
	booktitle = {2010 7th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR 2010)2010 7th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR 2010)},
	year = {2010},
	note = {"We have mined archival records of developer mailing lists to generate reply-to social networks for the three OSS projects: Apache, MySQL, and Perl."

"For each of these projects, we construct an information flow network based on messages that are sent as replies to previous messages....We use this methodology on all mined data to create a network of mailing list participants. "},
	pages = {201 - 209},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Cape Town, South Africa},
	abstract = {Social network methods are frequently used to analyze networks derived from Open Source Project communication and collaboration data. Such studies typically discover patterns in the information flow between contributors or contributions in these projects. Social network metrics have also been used to predict defect occurrence. However, such studies often ignore or side-step the issue of whether (and in what way) the metrics and networks of study are influenced by inadequate or missing data. In previous studies email archives of OSS projects have provided a useful trace of the communication and co-ordination activities of the participants. These traces have been used to construct social networks that are then subject to various types of analysis. However, during the construction of these networks, some assumptions are made, that may not always hold; this leads to incomplete, and sometimes incorrect networks. The question then becomes, do these errors affect the validity of the ensuing analysis? In this paper we specifically examine the stability of network metrics in the presence of inadequate and missing data. The issues that we study are: 1) the effect of paths with broken information flow (i.e. consecutive edges which are out of temporal order) on measures of centrality of nodes in the network, and 2) the effect of missing links on such measures. We demonstrate on three different OSS projects that while these issues do change network topology, the metrics used in the analysis are stable with respect to such changes.},
	keywords = {apache, email archives, mailing lists, missing data, mysql, perl, social networks},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-6802-7},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2010.5463342},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/201NetworkAnalysis.pdf},
	author = {Nia, Roozbeh and Christian Bird and Devanbu, Premkumar and Filkov, Vladimir}
}
@article {Au20099,
	title = {Virtual organizational learning in open source software development projects},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {9 - 15},
	abstract = {We studied virtual organizational learning in open source software (OSS) development projects. Specifically, our research focused on learning effects of OSS projects and the factors that affect the learning process. The number and percentage of resolved bugs and bug resolution time of 118 SourceForge.net OSS projects were used to measure the learning effects. Projects were characterized by project type, number and experience of developers, number of bugs, and bug resolution time. Our results provided evidence of virtual organizational learning in OSS development projects and support for several factors as determinants of performance. Team size was a significant predictor, with mid-sized project teams functioning best. Teams of three to seven developers exhibited the highest efficiency over time and teams of eight to 15 produced the lowest mean time for bug resolution. Increasing the percentage of bugs assigned to specific developers or boosting developer participation in other OSS projects also improved performance. Furthermore, project type introduced variability in project team performance.},
	keywords = {bug fixing, bugs, learning, Project performance, sourceforge, team size, teams, virtual organization},
	issn = {0378-7206},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2008.09.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VD0-4V1D7NT-1/2/a3bbf7652c674f753398160b8f05f6e9},
	author = {Yoris A. Au and Darrell Carpenter and Xiaogang Chen and Jan G. Clark}
}
@article {1402,
	title = {Visual querying and analysis of large software repositories},
	journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2009},
	month = {6/2009},
	pages = {316 - 340},
	abstract = {We present a software framework for mining software repositories. Our extensible framework enables the integration of data extraction from repositories with data analysis and interactive visualization. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework by presenting several case studies performed on industry-size software repositories. In each study we use the framework to give answers to one or several software engineering questions addressing a specific project. Next, we validate the answers by comparing them with existing project documentation, by interviewing domain experts and by detailed analyses of the source code. The results show that our framework can be used both for supporting case studies on mining software repository techniques and for building end-user tools for software maintenance support. },
	issn = {1573-7616},
	doi = {10.1007/s10664-008-9068-6},
	author = {Voinea, Lucian and Telea, Alexandru}
}
@conference {933,
	title = {Visualizing Gnome with the Small Project Observatory},
	booktitle = {2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {103 - 106},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
	abstract = {We analyzed the gnome family of systems with the small project observatory, our online ecosystem visualization platform. We begin by briefly introducing the model of SPO. We then observe and discuss several phases in the activity of the gnome ecosystem. We follow and look at how the contributors are distributed between writing source code and doing other activities such as internationalization. We end with a visual overview of the activity of more than 900 contributors in the 10 years of existence of gnome.},
	keywords = {bugzilla, contributions, gnome, msr challenge, spo, visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-3493-0},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2009.5069487},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/103Lung2009a.pdf},
	author = {Lungu, Mircea and Malnati, Jacopo and Lanza, Michele}
}
@article {Xu2009151,
	title = {Volunteers{\textquoteright} involvement in online community based software development},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"Data were collected through an online survey and by searching project archives. On Sourceforge.net, each developer was uniquely identified with a user account, and the developer{\textquoteright}s performance was assessed through the number of function points accepted by the project in a certain time period, obtained through conversion and calculation from the project{\textquoteright}s code repository. Data for other constructs were obtained from the developers{\textquoteright} response to the online survey. "
"a developer{\textquoteright}s performance was measured by the number of function points made and accepted into the project during the observed time period."

project age, development status, license type, number of developers},
	pages = {151 - 158},
	abstract = {We sought to gain understanding of voluntary developers{\textquoteright} involvement in open source software (OSS) projects. Data were collected from voluntary developers working on open source projects. Our findings indicated that a voluntary developer{\textquoteright}s involvement was very important to his or her performance and that involvement was dependent on individual motivations (personal software needs, reputation and skills gaining expectation, enjoyment in open source coding) and project community factors (leadership effectiveness, interpersonal relationship, community ideology). Our work contributes theoretically and empirically to the body of OSS research and has practical implications for OSS project management.},
	keywords = {age, developers, effectiveness, function points, ideology, leadership, MOTIVATION, scm, sourceforge, status, Survey, team size, Volunteers},
	issn = {0378-7206},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2008.12.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VD0-4VP1CN0-1/2/8e1c7be4fcedd1419209c5c843ffa923},
	author = {Bo Xu and Donald R. Jones and Bingjia Shao}
}
@conference {881,
	title = {Value Capture and Value Networks in Open Source Vendor Strategies},
	booktitle = {40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS{\textquoteright}07)},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {176 - 176},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Waikoloa, HI, USA},
	isbn = {0-7695-2755-8},
	author = {Joel West}
}
@conference {998,
	title = {Visual Data Mining in Software Archives to Detect How Developers Work Together},
	booktitle = {Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software RepositoriesFourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories (MSR{\textquoteright}07:ICSE Workshops 2007)},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {9 - 9},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA},
	abstract = {Analyzing the check-in information of open source software projects which use a version control system such as CVS or SUBVERSION can yield interesting and important insights into the programming behavior of developers. As in every major project tasks are assigned to many developers, the development must be coordinated between these programmers.

This paper describes three visualization techniques that help to examine how programmers work together, e.g. if they work as a team or if they develop their part of the software separate from each other. Furthermore, phases of stagnation in the lifetime of a project can be uncovered and thus, possible problems are revealed.

To demonstrate the usefulness of these visualization techniques we performed case studies on two open source projects. In these studies interesting patterns of developers? behavior, e.g. the specialization on a certain module can be observed. Moreover, modules that have been changed by many developers can be identified as well as such ones that have been altered by only one programmer.},
	keywords = {change, coordination, cvs, developers, junit, modules, scm, source code, svn, teams, tomcat, visualization},
	isbn = {0-7695-2950-X},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.34},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/28300009.pdf},
	author = {Weissgerber, Peter and Pohl, Mathias and Burch, Michael}
}
@article {flosswp334,
	title = {Voluntary Engagement in an Open Web-based Encyclopedia: Wikipedians, and Why They Do It},
	year = {2007},
	month = {January},
	abstract = {The online encyclopedia Wikipedia can be considered as a highly successful Open Content project, written and maintained completely by volunteers. Little is known, however, about the motives and interests of these volunteers. Results from an online survey among 106 contributors to the German Wikipedia project are presented. As potential predictors of contributors??? engagement and satisfaction, both motives derived from social sciences (e.g., costs-benefits, valence of the Wikipedia goals, identification with Wikipedia, etc.) as well as perceived task characteristics (e.g., task significance, autonomy, skill variety, etc.) were measured. The results reveal that satisfaction ratings of contributors are determined by perceived benefits, identification with the Wikipedia community, and task characteristics. Contributors??? engagement (e.g., hours per week) was particularly determined by their tolerance for opportunity costs and the experienced characteristics of their tasks, the latter effect being partially mediated by intrinsic motivation. Most relevant task characteristics both for contributors??? engagement and satisfaction were autonomy, task significance, and skill variety. Additional motives reported by Wikipedia contributors suggest the importance of generativity.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Schroer_Hertel_Wikipedia_Motivation.pdf},
	author = {Joachim Schroer and Guido Hertel}
}
@conference {727,
	title = {Virtual Square},
	booktitle = {OSS2005: Open Source Systems },
	year = {2005},
	pages = {76-81},
	abstract = {It is common to call {\textquotedblleft}virtual world{\textquotedblright} the set of abstractions given to humans by computers and networks. When the computers and the networks are emulated by programs, i.e. are virtual machines and virtual networks, there is one more layer of virtuality: a kind of virtual squared world. Virtual square (V{\texttwosuperior}) is the project to study how to exploit the possibilities given by multi layered virtuality. V{\texttwosuperior} integrates the existing technologies in system emulation with a new overlay network that is able to integrate virtual machines, real computers and processes. The virtual networking infrastructure, the educational virtual machine uMPS and the user level network virtual machine Ale4NET are original contributions made by this project. All the code developed for Virtual Square as well as all the code of the other virtual machines presented here have been released as Open Source or Free Software.},
	url = {http://pascal.case.unibz.it/handle/2038/1560},
	author = {Davoli, Renzo}
}
@proceedings {1199,
	title = {Version Control Tools: A Collaborative Vehicle for Learning in F/OS},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {87-91},
	abstract = {In this paper we explore how version control software participates in learning within free/open source activities (F/OS). We see F/OS in terms of a product, and a community of people engaged in the process of its development, with version control software at the centre of all three activities as they learn and innovate. Learning is analysed through the perspective provided by Bateson{\textquoteright}s Levels of Learning, a relational model that stresses collaboration and conflict as drivers of learning and showing how conflict resolution may lead to higher and more profound or significant learning.},
	keywords = {education},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/shaikh88-92.pdf},
	author = {Shaikh, M. and Cornford, T.}
}
@article {flosswp225,
	title = {Viral Contracts or Unenforceable Documents? Contractual Validity of Copyleft Licenses},
	year = {2004},
	month = {August},
	abstract = {This paper asks the question of whether copyleft free software licences constitute valid legal contracts, in particular with regards to the fact that it may create obligations through a distribution chain. There is increasing interest about the non-proprietary licence model expressed in popular documents such as the General Public Licence (GPL), but not enough work has been done in asking perhaps the most important question of all: are these contracts enforceable? Is there really a viral transmission of obligations? To do this the GPL licence will be analysed to try to determine whether or not the terms included are contractually valid.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/guadamuz.pdf},
	author = {Andres Guadamuz-Gonzalez}
}
@article {flosswp106,
	title = {Version Management Tools: CVS to BK in the Linux Kernel},
	year = {2003},
	month = {May},
	abstract = {Version management tools might be seen as a prerequisite for open source development today as projects become too large to be managed by maintainers alone. Yet the OS process depends on fluid coordination and collaboration, with the underlying qualities of this process based on firm trust and respect for fellow developers. This paper is a study of how debate over version tools reflects governance and decision making in an OS community. The paper is based on a study of the Linux kernel community as it first saw a partial acceptance of the CVS tool, and then later adopted BK. The paper explains the adoption processes in relation to governance concerns, licence issue, and questions of technical performance.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/shaikhcornford.pdf},
	author = {Maha Shaikh}
}
@proceedings {1181,
	title = {Version Management Tools: CVS to BK in the Linux Kernel},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {127-131},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/127-131.pdf},
	author = {Shaikh, M. and Cornford, T.}
}
@proceedings {1169,
	title = {The Virtual Organizational Culture of a Free Software Development Community},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {45-49},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/45-49.pdf},
	author = {Margret Elliott}
}
@conference {1154,
	title = {Version Control: A Case Study in the Challenges and Opportunities for Open Source Software Development},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ICSE Workshop on Open Source},
	year = {2002},
	abstract = {The growth of the worldwide open source development effort, driven in part by the recent entrance of large corporations into the open source arena, offers new opportunities to improve the software engineering tools available for that effort. Indeed, the increasing difficulty of managing large open source projects, as well as that of integrating related efforts into new programming environments, represents a challenge that must be met if the rapid growth of open source software is to continue. This position paper addresses these issues in the context of software version control.},
	keywords = {cvs, kernel, linux, linux kernel, version control},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/ChuCarrollShieldsWright.pdf},
	author = {Chu-Carroll, M.C. and Sheilds, D. and Wright, J.}
}
