@inbook {Kerzazi2017,
	title = {Knowledge Flows Within Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective},
	booktitle = {Advances in Ubiquitous Networking 2: Proceedings of the UNet{\textquoteright}16},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {247{\textendash}258},
	publisher = {Springer Singapore},
	organization = {Springer Singapore},
	address = {Singapore},
	abstract = {Developing software is knowledge-intensive activity, requiring extensive technical knowledge and awareness. The abstract part of development is the social interactions that drive knowledge flows between contributors, especially for Open Source Software (OSS). This study investigated knowledge sharing and propagation from social perspective using social network analysis (SNA). We mined and analyzed the issue and review histories of three OSS from GitHub. Particular attention has been paid to the socio-interactions through comments from contributors on reviews. We aim at explaining the propagation and density of knowledge flows within contributor networks. The results show that review requests flow from the core contributors toward peripheral contributors and comments on reviews are in a continuous loop from the core teams to the peripherals and back; and the core contributors leverage on their awareness and technical knowledge to increase their notoriety by playing the role of communication brokers supported by comments on work items.},
	keywords = {expertise, Knowledge flows, open source, SNA},
	isbn = {978-981-10-1627-1},
	doi = {10.1007/978-981-10-1627-1_19},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1627-1_19},
	author = {Kerzazi, Noureddine and El Asri, Ikram},
	editor = {El-Azouzi, Rachid and Menasche, Daniel Sadoc and Sabir, Essa{\"\i}d and De Pellegrini, Francesco and Benjillali, Mustapha}
}
@proceedings {1277,
	title = {Knowledge Homogeneity and Specialization in the Apache HTTP Server Project},
	year = {2011},
	note = {"Our data set consists of the commit history and email archives for the Apache HTTP Server Project, spanning sixteen years (2/27/1995 - 1/31/2011)"

"we 1) mapped the committers to email records, 2) cleaned the email records to remove extraneous information, 3) identified topics of discussion in the resulting messages, and 4) constructed a social network model from committers and topics."

"If specialization exists within the httpd community, we should see distinct communities develop around topics. In addition, unique groups of developers should congregate around specialized subtopics. We examined the data from both angles: topical affinity and topic communities."
},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {106-122},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {We present an analysis of developer communication in the Apache HTTP Server project. Using topic modeling techniques we expose latent conceptual sub-communities arising from developer specialization within the greater developer population. However, we found that among the major contributors to the project, very little specialization exists. We present theories to explain this phenomenon, and suggest further research.},
	keywords = {apache, commits, developer, email, email archive, LDA, mailing list, revision control, revision history, scm, social network analysis, specialization, subversion, svn},
	url = {http://sequoia.cs.byu.edu/lab/files/pubs/MacLean2011a.pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/MacLean2011a.pdf},
	author = {MacLean, Alexander C. and Pratt, Landon J. and Knutson, Charles D. and Ringger, Eric K.}
}
@proceedings {1292,
	title = {KommGame: A Reputation Environment for Teaching Open Source Software},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {312-315},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {The importance of teaching open source software in universities is increasing with the advent of open source as a development and business model. A novel, student centric approach of teaching open source was tried out at Tampere University of Technology where a new environment called KommGame was introduced to assist in teaching open source development. This environment includes a reputation system to motivate learners to participate. In this paper, we present our approach of teaching open source and how the KommGame environment was employed to teach open source software.},
	author = {Goduguluri, Veerakishore and Kilamo, Terhi and Hammouda, Imed}
}
@proceedings {871,
	title = {Knowledge Work Artifacts: Kernel Cousins for Free/Open Source Software Development},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Nov 4-7},
	pages = {177-186},
	address = {Sanibel Island, FL},
	author = {Elliott, M. and Ackerman, Mark S. and Walt Scacchi}
}
@conference {1094,
	title = {Knowledge Reuse in Open Source Software: An Exploratory Study of 15 Open Source Projects},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"In a first step, we asked developers of different open source projects to respond to a very short web-based survey."...
"In a second step, we started with gathering data from 15 projects, including interviews. In parallel, the source code, CVS comments and to a certain extent email communication was analyzed to receive a dynamic, and within the limits of the method, complete picture of knowledge reuse practices."
"Projects included games (Adonthell, FlightGear, Xboard), text processing (Abiword), a GNU/Linux desktop (Xfce4), an instant messenger client (Miranda), fax software (HylaFAX), a content management system (Tiki/CMS Groupware), encryption software (OpenSSL), a collaborative music system (iRATE Radio), file sharing networks (GNUnet, Mnet, Freenet), a mailing list manager (Mailman), and an mp3 encoder (Lame)."
"Our data sources included interviews with key developers, source code, CVS comments, mailing lists and various Internet resources"},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {1-10},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Big Island, HI, USA},
	abstract = {To date, there is no investigation of knowledge reuse in open source software projects. This paper focuses on the forms of knowledge reuse and the factors impacting on them. It develops a theory drawn from data of 15 open source software projects and finds that the effort to search, integrate and maintain external knowledge influences the form of knowledge to be reused. Implications for firms and innovation research are discussed.},
	keywords = {cvs, email, knowledge reuse, lines of code, loc, source code, Survey},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2005.378},
	url = {http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/2005/2268/07/22680198b-abs.html},
	author = {von Krogh, G. and Spaeth, S. and Haefliger, S.}
}
@conference {787,
	title = {Knowledge, Communication and Innovation: the case of Open Source Software as Open Media},
	booktitle = {OSS2005: Open Source Systems },
	year = {2005},
	pages = {314-316},
	abstract = {The understanding of the major characteristics of Linux Operative System and, more in general, the analysis of the so-called Open Source Phenomenon, is nowadays a central issue in order to appreciate the ongoing evolution of software industry. Free/Open Source Software model may appears a {\textquotedblleft}revolution{\textquotedblright} in the way of thinking about software development, distribution and use. But, at a closer glance, it reveals itself more as an {\textquotedblleft}evolution{\textquotedblright} along the path of {\textquotedblleft}tinkering with software{\textquotedblright} typical of the Hacker Tech-Culture since the beginning of sixties. In fact the {\textquotedblleft}open source way{\textquotedblright} of developing software results from the hackers habit of sharing technological knowledge and it represents a perfection of this, due to the availably of new communication technologies. The aim of this research is to explain this evolution, to point out its historical, economics and technological determinants and to link it with the evolution of the {\textquotedblleft}communicational medium{\textquotedblright} used by the open source ...},
	keywords = {attributive, Creative Commons, non-commercial},
	url = {http://pascal.case.unibz.it/handle/2038/972},
	author = {Lorenzo Benussi}
}
@unpublished {flosswp164,
	title = {Kategorisierung von Open Source Projekten: Aufbau- und Ablauforganisation (in german) - Categorization of Open Source Projects: Operational and Organizational Structure},
	year = {2003},
	month = {September},
	abstract = {The number of open source projects is growing. The largest part can be found on large develompent portals. But open source is not open source, each project has unique characteristics. This paper examines operational and organizational characteristics, licencing, communication and documentation specifications of open source projects and explains the trove categorization model introduced by SourceForge.net.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/matuska.pdf},
	author = {Martin Matuska}
}
@article {flosswp100,
	title = {The Knowledge Ecology of Open-Source Software Projects},
	year = {2003},
	note = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/the-knowledge-ecology-of-opensource-software-projects/},
	month = {July},
	abstract = {In this paper we characterize the processes of knowledge making in open-source software projects as an ecology of agents, artifacts, rules, resources, activities, practices and interactions. In order to grasp its dynamic features we consider open-source software projects as interactive systems based on dense interactions between humans and technical artifacts within electronic media. Technology, rather than formal or informal organization, embodies most of the conditions for governance in open-source software projects, hence becoming a critical pathway to the understanding of collective task accomplishment, coordination and knowledge making processes. Based on an in-depth analysis of two open-source software projects, we examine three kinds of artifacts, respectively inscribing technical, organizational, and institutional knowledge. Our preliminary findings support the ecological view, that the contradictory requirements of innovation and stability in project-based knowledge making are balanced by mechanisms of variation, selection, and stabilization.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/lanzaramorner.pdf},
	author = {Giovan R Lanzara}
}
@article {flosswp128,
	title = {Knowledge Transfer in R\&D Outsourcing (and Linux-Vs-Windows)},
	year = {2003},
	month = {November},
	abstract = {Why did Microsoft not hire all those smart programmers who ended up developing Linux through the internet? Because, we answer, the value of the information about its operating system that Microsoft should have transferred to any of them to render her productive would have been too high compared to her expected individual contribution, so that after writing a contract with Microsoft the typical developer would have run away to sell the acquired knowledge on the market. On the other hand, knowledge transfer in R\&D outsourcing is not always so critical, and for example in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries research contracts are extensively used, usually in the context of a long term relationship between firm and innovator. We analyze this kind of repeated interaction, and find that when the knowledge-transfer problem is not blocking, the firm should transfer to the innovator as much information as it is compatible with the latter{\textquoteright}s incentive constraints.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/modica.pdf},
	author = {Salvatore Modica}
}
@article {flosswp41,
	title = {Knowing in Practice: Enacting a Collective Capability in Distributed Organizing},
	journal = {Organization Science},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	month = {05/2002},
	abstract = {In this paper, I outline a perspective on knowing in practice which highlights the essential role of human action in knowing how to get things done in complex organizational work. The perspective suggests that knowing is not a static embedded ca- pability or stable disposition of actors, but rather an ongoing social accomplishment, constituted and reconstituted as actors engage the world in practice. In interpreting the findings of an empirical study conducted in a geographically dispersed high- tech organization, I suggest that the competence to do global product development is both collective and distributed, grounded in the everyday practices of organizational members. I conclude by discussing some of the research implications of a perspective on organizational knowing in practice.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/orlikowski.pdf},
	author = {Wanda Orlikowski}
}
@article {flosswp383,
	title = {Knee-jerk Anti-LOOPism and other E-mail Phenomena: Oral, Written, and Electronic Patterns in Computer-Mediated Communication},
	number = {WP \3578-93},
	year = {1993},
	month = {June},
	institution = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {Technical Report},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	abstract = {This paper reports on an empirical investigation into the on-going electronic interaction of a natural distributed group. Prior organizational research into use of electronic media has focused primarily on usage patterns and only occasionally on a few linguistic features, while linguistics researchers have looked more closely at certain technical aspects of language use in electronic communication. Interested in a broader range of linguistic and textual features that might be exhibited in the electronic mail medium, we conducted an exploratory study of the electronic communication of a task-oriented group over a 27-month period. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques, we found that the electronic mail messages displayed features normally associated with both speech and written discourse, as well as features that seem new to the electronic medium. The use of all three patterns was influenced by characteristics of the medium, the group, and its task.},
	author = {JoAnne Yates and Wanda Orlikowski}
}
