@conference {Murphy:2017:CEF:3017680.3017682,
	title = {Community Engagement with Free and Open Source Software},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
	series = {SIGCSE {\textquoteright}17},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {669{\textendash}670},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {A common refrain from Senior Exit Surveys and Alumni Surveys is the desire to work on "real-world," "practical" and "hands-on" projects using industry-ready tools and development environments. To assuage this, institutions have moved towards adopting Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) as an avenue to provide meaningful, applied learning interventions to students. Through these experiences, students benefit from engagement with various communities including: the community of contributors to the FOSS project; the community of local software developers; the community of citizens who reside in the local area; the community of students at their institution and others; and, the community of people impacted by the FOSS project. These engagements motivate students, enhance their communication and technical skills, allow them to grow and become more confident, help them form professional networks, and provide the "real-world" projects they seek. In this panel, we will discuss our experiences in engaging students with five different types of communities as part of incorporating FOSS into our courses, focusing on how other educators can provide the same benefits to their students as well. In order to satisfy the time constraints of the panel, the last two authors will present together.},
	keywords = {free and open source software (FOSS), humanitarian free and open source software (HFOSS), localized free and open source software (LFOSS), under-represented minorities (URM)},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-4698-6},
	doi = {10.1145/3017680.3017682},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3017680.3017682},
	author = {Murphy, Christian and Buffardi, Kevin and Dehlinger, Josh and Lambert, Lynn and Veilleux, Nanette}
}
@proceedings {1890,
	title = {Designing for Participation: Three Models for Developer Involvement in Hybrid OSS Projects},
	volume = {496},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {23-33},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {This paper reports governance practices of three profit oriented companies that develop OSS software with the help of their respective open development communities. We explore how the companies allow development contributions from external stakeholders, and what knowledge they let out of their internal software development activities. The results lay ground for further research on how to organize openness of the software development process in hybrid setups where the needs of different stakeholders are partly competing - yet complementary.},
	keywords = {Community Management, Hybrid open source, open source},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-57735-7_3},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-57735-7_3},
	author = {M{\"a}enp{\"a}{\"a}, Hanna and Kilamo, Terhi and Mikkonen, Tommi and M{\"a}nnist{\"o}, Tomi}
}
@booklet {1781,
	title = {Lessons Learned from Applying Social Network Analysis on an Industrial Free/Libre/Open Source Software Ecosystem},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Many software projects are no longer done in-house by a single organization. Instead, we are in a new age where software is developed by a networked community of individuals and organizations, which base their relations to each other on mutual interest. Paradoxically, recent research suggests that software development can actually be jointly-developed by rival firms. For instance, it is known that the mobile-device makers Apple and Samsung kept collaborating in open source projects while running expensive patent wars in the court. Taking a case study approach, we explore how rival firms collaborate in the open source arena by employing a multi-method approach that combines qualitative analysis of archival data (QA) with mining software repositories (MSR) and Social Network Analysis (SNA). While exploring collaborative processes within the OpenStack ecosystem, our research contributes to Software Engineering research by exploring the role of groups, sub-communities and business models within a high-networked open source ecosystem. Surprising results point out that competition for the same revenue model (i.e., operating conflicting business models) does not necessary affect collaboration within the ecosystem. Moreover, while detecting the different sub-communities of the OpenStack community, we found out that the expected social tendency of developers to work with developers from same firm (i.e., homophony) did not hold within the OpenStack ecosystem. Furthermore, while addressing a novel, complex and unexplored open source case, this research also contributes to the management literature in coopetition strategy and high-tech entrepreneurship with a rich description on how heterogeneous actors within a high-networked ecosystem (involving individuals, startups, established firms and public organizations) joint-develop a complex infrastructure for big-data in the open source arena.},
	keywords = {business models, cloud computing, homophily, open source, Open-Coopetition, openstack, social network analysis, Software ecosystems},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.04587},
	author = {Teixeira, Jose and Gregorio Robles and Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona}
}
@conference {Guzman:2014:SAC:2597073.2597118,
	title = {Sentiment Analysis of Commit Comments in GitHub: An Empirical Study},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
	series = {MSR 2014},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {352{\textendash}355},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Emotions have a high impact in productivity, task quality, creativity, group rapport and job satisfaction. In this work we use lexical sentiment analysis to study emotions expressed in commit comments of different open source projects and analyze their relationship with different factors such as used programming language, time and day of the week in which the commit was made, team distribution and project approval. Our results show that projects developed in Java tend to have more negative commit comments, and that projects that have more distributed teams tend to have a higher positive polarity in their emotional content. Additionally, we found that commit comments written on Mondays tend to a more negative emotion. While our results need to be confirmed by a more representative sample they are an initial step into the study of emotions and related factors in open source projects.
},
	keywords = {Human Factors in Software Engineering, mining challenge, msr challenge, sentiment analysis},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-2863-0},
	doi = {10.1145/2597073.2597118},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2597073.2597118},
	author = {Guzman, Emitza and Az{\'o}car, David and Li, Yang}
}
@conference {Vasilescu:2014:SDH:2556420.2556833,
	title = {Software Developers Are Humans, Too!},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work \&\#38; Social Computing},
	series = {CSCW Companion {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {97{\textendash}100},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Open-source communities can be seen as knowledge-sharing ecosystems: participants learn from the community and from one another, and share their knowledge through contributions to the source code repositories or by offering support to users. With the emergence and growing popularity of social media sites targeting software developers (e.g., StackOverflow, GitHub), the paths through which knowledge flows within open-source software knowledge-sharing ecosystems are also beginning to change. My dissertation research seeks to raise our understanding of these changes.},
	keywords = {human aspects, open-source, software developers},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-2541-7},
	doi = {10.1145/2556420.2556833},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2556420.2556833},
	author = {Vasilescu, Bogdan}
}
@proceedings {1501,
	title = {The Impact of Tangled Code Changes},
	year = {2013},
	month = {05/2013},
	abstract = {When interacting with version control systems, developers often commit unrelated or loosely related code changes
in a single transaction. When analyzing the version history, such
tangled changes will make all changes to all modules appear
related, possibly compromising the resulting analyses through
noise and bias. In an investigation of five open-source JAVA
projects, we found up to 15\% of all bug fixes to consist of multiple
tangled changes. Using a multi-predictor approach to untangle
changes, we show that on average at least 16.6\% of all source
files are incorrectly associated with bug reports. We recommend
better change organization to limit the impact of tangled changes.},
	keywords = {bias, data quality, history, java, mining software repositories, noise, tangled code changes, version control},
	url = {http://www.kim-herzig.de/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/msr2013-untangling.pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/msr2013-untangling.pdf},
	author = {Kim Herzig and Zeller, Andreas}
}
@conference {1317,
	title = {Describing the Software Forge Ecosystem},
	booktitle = {45th Hawai{\textquoteright}i International Conference on System Sciences},
	year = {2012},
	note = {http://flossmole.org/content/everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-software-forges-code-forges-june-2011},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {3416-3425},
	abstract = {Code forges are online software systems that are designed to support teams doing software development work. There have been few if any attempts in the research literature to describe the web of people, projects, and tools that make up the free, libre, and open source (FLOSS) forge ecosystem. The main contributions of this paper are (1) to introduce a classification of FLOSS-oriented forges according to their characteristics; (2) to describe the forge-level and project-level data and artifacts currently available at each FLOSS forge; (3) to show various patterns already discovered in the FLOSS forge ecosystem, such as timelines of creation or arrangements by size or feature; (4) to make some recommendations to forge providers and data collectors about how to expose the structure and information in the forges; and (5) to describe the effort needed to extend our publicly- available information about the FLOSS forge ecosystem into the future.},
	keywords = {features, FLOSS, forge, hosting, metrics},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/SquireWilliamsHICSS2012.pdf},
	author = {Squire, Megan and Williams, David}
}
@proceedings {1462,
	title = {Does OSS Affect E-Government Growth? An Econometric Analysis on the Impacting Factors},
	volume = {378},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {292-297},
	publisher = {IFIP AICT,  Springer},
	abstract = {Inspired by the OSS values, an increasing number of different forms of open initiatives have come to the fore. In the context of eGovernment the notion of open government has met wide acceptance among nations and became closely related to one of its goals. Open government shares with OSS the notions of collaboration, participation and transparency and many actions towards OSS into eGovernment reform policies, have been recorded worldwide. The study investigates the relationship between OSS growth and eGovernment. A theoretical framework of the theories of institutionalism, growth and human capital is proposed as the guiding theoretical lens to identify possible influencing factors that together with OSS are evaluated for their magnitude of impact on eGovernment growth across different economic environments.},
	keywords = {eGovernment adoption, growth theory, human capital theory, institutionalism},
	author = {Lakka, Spyridoula and Stamati, Teta and Martakos, Draculis}
}
@proceedings {1445,
	title = {Emerging Hackerspaces {\textendash} Peer-Production Generation},
	volume = {378},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {94-111},
	publisher = {IFIP AICT},
	abstract = {This paper describes a peer-production movement, the hackerspace movement, its members and values. The emergence of hackerspaces, fablabs and makerspaces is changing how hacker communities and other like-minded communities function. Thus, an understanding of the nature of hackerspaces helps in detailing the features of contemporary peer-production. Building on previous work on {\textquoteright}fabbing{\textquoteright}, two different sets of results are presented: (1) empirical observations from a longitudinal study of hackerspace participants; and (2) a theoretical description of hacker generations as a larger context in which peer-production can be located. With regard to (1), research data has been collected through prolonged observation of hackerspace communities and two surveys.},
	keywords = {COMMUNITY, fabbing, fablab, hackerspace, makerspace, MOTIVATION, movement, open source, peer-production, Survey, sustainability},
	author = {Moilanen, Jarkko}
}
@mastersthesis {1438,
	title = {Software Libre y abierto: comunidades y redes de producción digital de bienes comunes},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {269 pages},
	school = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México},
	address = {Ciudad de México, México},
	abstract = {This thesis is about a collective form of production that have expanded and strengthen in the global high technology market. It is about FLOSS production. 

The study takes on account that technnologies are not neutral, they emerge as strategies and mechanisms of politics and economic interests. 

Although, FLOSS production is inserted in the capitalist context, the collective work of the communities and networks that produce it is based on ideas about freedom and solidarity.

The types of rules and organization of labour inside of this communities have develop a kind of product that it is well categorized as part of the new commons.

The conclusions at the end of this work pretend to offer a clear approach to the FLOSS production networks dynamics inside the virtual infrastructure. Specifically, it offers an approach of the interaction and forms of cooperation, as well of the individual and collective schemas that motivates the cooperation action of the individuals.},
	keywords = {bienes comunes, commons, comunidades virtuales, FLOSS, flossmole, hackers, redes virtuales, repositories, repositorios, Software libre y abierto, virtual communities, virtual networks},
	url = {http://132.248.9.195/ptd2012/agosto/406008604/Index.html},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Tesis.pdf},
	author = {Tania E. Turner Sen}
}
@article {1396,
	title = {Studying the impact of social interactions on software quality},
	journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
	year = {2012},
	note = {bug databases},
	abstract = {Correcting software defects accounts for a significant amount of resources in a software project. To make best use of testing efforts, researchers have studied statistical models to predict in which parts of a software system future defects are likely to occur. By studying the mathematical relations between predictor variables used in these models, researchers can form an increased understanding of the important connections between development activities and software quality. Predictor variables used in past top-performing models are largely based on source code-oriented metrics, such as lines of code or number of changes. However, source code is the end product of numerous interlaced and collaborative activities carried out by developers. Traces of such activities can be found in the various repositories used to manage development efforts. In this paper, we develop statistical models to study the impact of social interactions in a software project on software quality. These models use predictor variables based on social information mined from the issue tracking and version control repositories of two large open-source software projects. The results of our case studies demonstrate the impact of metrics from four different dimensions of social interaction on post-release defects. Our findings show that statistical models based on social information have a similar degree of explanatory power as traditional models. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that social information does not substitute, but rather augments traditional source code-based metrics used in defect prediction models.},
	keywords = {bug tracker, eclipse, Firefox, Human Factors, measurement, metrics, software evolution, Software quality assurance},
	issn = {1573-7616},
	doi = {10.1007/s10664-012-9205-0},
	author = {Bettenburg, Nicolas and Hassan, Ahmed E.}
}
@proceedings {1298,
	title = {Health Informatics: The Relevance of Open Source and Multilevel Modeling},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {338-347},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Health information features significant spatial-temporal and domain complexities, which brings challenges to the implementation of patient-centered, interoperable and semantically coherent healthcare information systems. This position paper supports the idea that the multilevel modeling approach is essential to ensure interoperability at the semantic level, but true interoperability is only achieved by the adoption of open standards, and open source implementations are needed for promote competition based on software quality. The Multilevel Healthcare Information Modelling (MLHIM) specifications are presented as the fully open source multilevel modeling reference implementation, and best practices for the development of multilevel- based open source healthcare applications are suggested.},
	keywords = {Health informatics, multilevel modeling, open source software},
	author = {Cavalini, Luciana T. and Cook, Timothy W.}
}
@proceedings {1282,
	title = {A Historical Account of the Value of Free and Open Source Software: From Software Commune to Commercial Commons},
	year = {2011},
	note = {"In order to understand how perceptions of FOSS software have developed over time, we have traced justifying arrangements that historically have been used to define the value of FOSS. This has been done by going through canonical texts and previous research [3]; i.e. we look at research and publications considered to have had a major impact on the perception of FOSS...."

Software Commune, software bazaar, public commons},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {196-207},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Free and open source software has transformed from what has been characterized as a resistance movement against proprietary software to become a commercially viable form of software development, integrated in various forms with proprietary software business. In this paper we explain this development as a dependence on historical formations, shaped by different ways of justifying the use of open source during different periods of time. These formations are described as arrangements of different justificatory logics within a certain time frame or a certain group of actors motivating the use of free and open source software by referring to different potentialities. The justificatory arrangements change over time, and tracing these changes makes it easier to understand how the cultural, economic and social practices of open source movements are currently being absorbed and adopted in a commercial context.},
	keywords = {Free and Open Source Software, Historical approach, Justification}
}
@proceedings {1276,
	title = {A Review of Tool Support for User-Related Communication in FLOSS Development},
	year = {2011},
	note = {"We have carried out a literature review addressing communication in FLOSS projects, and contrasted the findings with Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) literature on user-developer communication."},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {90-105},
	abstract = {Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects rely on Internet tools for communication and in coordinating their work. Communication between developers is well supported in FLOSS projects, but user-developer communication has proven out to be challenging. This paper examines the following questions: {\textquotedblright}What kinds of means for communication exist in FLOSS projects for user-developer communication? What kinds of means should there be?{\textquotedblright} We have carried out a literature review addressing communication in FLOSS projects, and contrasted the findings with Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) literature on user-developer communication. HCI literature indicates that user-developer communication is needed during requirements construction, design and evaluation tasks, and HCI specialists are needed for orchestrating the communication and the user related tasks. Communication during the evaluation task is somewhat supported in FLOSS projects, but design and requirements construction are badly in need for support, even though ideas have already been presented. In addition, HCI specialists are in need of different kinds of communication support in FLOSS projects.},
	keywords = {Free/Libre/Open Source Software, Human-Computer Interaction, literature review, Tool Support, User-Developer Communication},
	author = {Rantalinen, Aapo and Hedberg, Henrik and Iivari, Netta}
}
@conference {Rastkar:2010:SSA:1806799.1806872,
	title = {Summarizing software artifacts: a case study of bug reports},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 1},
	series = {ICSE {\textquoteright}10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {505{\textendash}514},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Many software artifacts are created, maintained and evolved as part of a software development project. As software developers work on a project, they interact with existing project artifacts, performing such activities as reading previously filed bug reports in search of duplicate reports. These activities often require a developer to peruse a substantial amount of text. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to summarize software artifacts automatically and effectively so that developers could consult smaller summaries instead of entire artifacts. To provide focus to our investigation, we consider the generation of summaries for bug reports. We found that existing conversation-based generators can produce better results than random generators and that a generator trained specifically on bug reports can perform statistically better than existing conversation-based generators. We demonstrate that humans also find these generated summaries reasonable indicating that summaries might be used effectively for many tasks.},
	keywords = {bug reports, eclipse, gnome, human-centric software engineering, kde, machine learning, mozilla},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-719-6},
	doi = {10.1145/1806799.1806872},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1806799.1806872},
	author = {Rastkar, Sarah and Murphy, Gail C. and Murray, Gabriel}
}
@conference {943,
	title = {Automatic labeling of software components and their evolution using log-likelihood ratio of word frequencies in source code},
	booktitle = {2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175 - 178},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
	abstract = {As more and more open-source software components become available on the Internet we need automatic ways to label and compare them. For example, a developer who searches for reusable software must be able to quickly gain an understanding of retrieved components. This understanding cannot be gained at the level of source code due to the semantic gap between source code and the domain model. In this paper we present a lexical approach that uses the log-likelihood ratios of word frequencies to automatically provide labels for software components. We present a prototype implementation of our labeling/comparison algorithm and provide examples of its application. In particular, we apply the approach to detect trends in the evolution of a software system.},
	keywords = {frequency, hapax, information retrieval, java, junit, keywords, labeling, source code},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-3493-0},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2009.5069499},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/175AutomaticLabeling.pdf},
	author = {Kuhn, Adrian}
}
@conference {1264,
	title = {The Commit Size Distribution of Open Source Software},
	booktitle = {2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2009)},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"We use the database of the open source analytics firm Ohloh Inc."
"This article is based on a March 2008 database snapshot, which contains 9,363 completely crawled and analyzed projects covering a time frame from January 1990 to February 2008."
"The Ohloh database provides the complete configuration management history of each crawled project (to the extent available on the web). Thus, every single commit action of all the projects over their entire history is available."
"We measure the size of commits in this paper in source lines of code (SLoC) using Ohloh{\textquoteright}s own open source diff too"},
	pages = {1 - 8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA},
	abstract = {With the growing economic importance of open source, we need to improve our understanding of how open source software development processes work. The analysis of code contributions to open source projects is an important part of such research. In this paper we analyze the size of code contributions to more than 9,000 open source projects. We review the total distribution and distinguish three categories of code contributions using a size-based heuristic: single focused commits, aggregate team contributions, and repository refactorings. We find that both the overall distribution and the individual categories follow a power law. We also suggest that distinguishing these commit categories by size will benefit future analyses.},
	keywords = {commits, configuration management, history, lines of code, sloc, source code},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-3450-3},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.421},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/07-07-07.pdf},
	author = {Arafat, O. and Dirk Riehle}
}
@conference {923,
	title = {MapReduce as a general framework to support research in Mining Software Repositories (MSR)},
	booktitle = {2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {21 - 30},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
	abstract = {Researchers continue to demonstrate the benefits of Mining Software Repositories (MSR) for supporting software development and research activities. However, as the mining process is time and resource intensive, they often create their own distributed platforms and use various optimizations to speed up and scale up their analysis. These platforms are project-specific, hard to reuse, and offer minimal debugging and deployment support. In this paper, we propose the use of MapReduce, a distributed computing platform, to support research in MSR. As a proof-of-concept, we migrate J-REX, an optimized evolutionary code extractor, to run on Hadoop, an open source implementation of MapReduce. Through a case study on the source control repositories of the Eclipse, BIRT and Datatools projects, we demonstrate that the migration effort to MapReduce is minimal and that the benefits are significant, as running time of the migrated J-REX is only 30\% to 50\% of the original J-REX{\textquoteright}s. This paper documents our experience with the migration, and highlights the benefits and challenges of the MapReduce framework in the MSR community.},
	keywords = {hadoop, mapreduce},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-3493-0},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2009.5069477},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/21MSR2009-MSR-0114-Shang-Weiyi.pdf},
	author = {Weiyi Shang and Zhen Ming Jiang and Adams, Bram and Hassan, Ahmed E.}
}
@conference {942,
	title = {On mining data across software repositories},
	booktitle = {2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)2009 6th IEEE International Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {171 - 174},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
	abstract = {Software repositories provide abundance of valuable information about open source projects. With the increase in the size of the data maintained by the repositories, automated extraction of such data from individual repositories, as well as of linked information across repositories, has become a necessity. In this paper we describe a framework that uses web scraping to automatically mine repositories and link information across repositories. We discuss two implementations of the framework. In the first implementation, we automatically identify and collect security problem reports from project repositories that deploy the Bugzilla bug tracker using related vulnerability information from the National Vulnerability Database. In the second, we collect security problem reports for projects that deploy the Launchpad bug tracker along with related vulnerability information from the National Vulnerability Database. We have evaluated our tool on various releases of Fedora, Ubuntu, Suse, RedHat, and Firefox projects. The percentage of security bugs identified using our tool is consistent with that reported by other researchers.},
	keywords = {bug reports, bugzilla, Fedora, Firefox, htmlscraper, integration, launchpad, national vulnerability database, RedHat, Suse, tracker, Ubuntu},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-3493-0},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2009.5069498},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/171MiningAcrossmsr09.pdf},
	author = {Anbalagan, Prasanth and Vouk, Mladen}
}
@conference {1205,
	title = {Weaving~a~Semantic~Web~across~OSS~repositories: a~spotlight~on~bts-link,~UDD,~SWIM},
	booktitle = {4th Workshop on Public Data about Software Development (WoPDaSD 2009)},
	year = {2009},
	note = {position paper; non-experimental},
	abstract = {Several  public  repositories  and  archives  of  facts  about  libre software  projects,  developed either  by open  source  communities  or by research communities,  have been flourishing over  the Web in  the  recent  years.  These  enable  new analysis  and  support  new quality assurance tasks. 

By  using  Semantic  Web  techniques,  the  databases  containing data  about  open-source  software projects development can  be interconnected,  hence  letting  OSS  partakers  identify  resources, annotate  them  and  further  interlink  them  using  dedicated properties,  collectively  designing  a  distributed  semantic  graph. Such  links  expressed  with  standard  Semantic  techniques  are paving  the  way  to  new  applications  (including  ones  meant  for {\textquotedblleft}end-users{\textquotedblright}).  For  instance  this  may have  an  impact  on  the  way research efforts  are  conducted  (less  fragmented),  and  could  also be  used  by  development  communities  to  improve  Quality Assurance tasks. 

A goal  of the  research  conducted  within  the  HELIOS project, is to  address  bugtracker  synchronization  issues.  For that, the potential of using Semantic  Web  technologies  in  navigating between many different  bugtracker  systems scattered all  over the open source ecosystem is being investigated. 

This  position  paper  presents  some  existing  tools,  projects  and models  proposed  by  OSS  actors  that  are  complementary  to research  initiatives,  and  that  are  likely to  lead  to  useful  future  developments:  UDD (Ultimate  Debian  Database)  and  bts-link, developed by the  Debian community,  and  SWIM (Semantic Web enabled Issue Manager) developed by Mandriva. 

The  HELIOS team welcomes  comments  on the  future  paths  that  can  be  considered  in  using  the  Semantic  Web  approach  for improving these projects. },
	keywords = {bts-link, bug tracker, bugzilla, debian, ecosystem, helios, mandriva, semantic Web, swim, udd},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/HELIOS-WOPDASD-improved-Olivier.pdf},
	author = {Olivier Berger and Valentin Vlasceanu and Christian Bac and Lauri{\`e}re, St{\'e}phane}
}
@conference {1460670,
	title = {The confusion of crowds: non-dyadic help interactions},
	booktitle = {CSCW {\textquoteright}08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {699{\textendash}702},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Help-giving interactions in open source technical support 
often involve more people than the conventional help-giver 
help-seeker pair. Contributions include lightweight but 
useful me-too contributions from fellow help-seekers. 
Problems with the reuse of help documentation may be 
resolved by contextualized discussions, and those 
discussions themselves are found to be substantially reused. },
	keywords = {help-giving, technical help},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-007-4},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1460563.1460670},
	author = {Singh, V and Twidale, M.B}
}
@article {Giuri2008305,
	title = {Explaining leadership in virtual teams: The case of open source software},
	journal = {Information Economics and Policy},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Empirical Issues in Open Source Software},
	pages = {305 - 315},
	abstract = {This paper contributes to the open source software (OSS) literature by investigating the likelihood that a participant becomes a project leader. Project leaders are key actors in a virtual community and are crucial to the success of the OSS model. Knowledge of the forces that lead to the emergence of project managers among the multitude of participants is still limited. We aim to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing the association between the roles played by an individual who is registered with a project, and a set of individual-level and project-level characteristics. In line with the theory of occupational choice elaborated by (Lazear, E.P., 2002. Entrepreneurship. NBER Working Paper No. 9109, Cambridge, Mass; Lazear, E.P., 2004. Balanced skills and entrepreneurship, American Economic Review 94, pp. 208-211), we find that OSS project leaders possess diversified skill sets which are needed to select the inputs provided by various participants, motivate contributors, and coordinate their efforts. Specialists, like pure developers, are endowed with more focused skill sets. Moreover, we find that the degree of modularity of the development process is positively associated with the presence of project leaders. That result is consistent with the modern theory of modular production (Baldwin, C.Y., Clark, K.B., 1997. Managing in an age of modularity. Harvard Business Review September-October. pp. 84-93; Mateos-Garcia, J., Steinmueller, W.E., 2003. The Open Source Way of Working: A New Paradigm for the Division of Labour in Software Development? SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Studies. Open Source Movement Research INK Working Paper, No. 1; Aoki, M., 2004. An organizational architecture of T-form: Silicon Valley clustering and its institutional coherence. Industrial and Corporate Change 13, pp. 967-981).},
	keywords = {contributors, Human capital, leadership, roles, sourceforge, team},
	issn = {0167-6245},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8J-4SRW10C-1/2/5ce36096ba3947338962268b54a5a7a9},
	author = {Paola Giuri and Francesco Rullani and Salvatore Torrisi}
}
@conference {Thummalapenta:2008:SDF:1370750.1370775,
	title = {SpotWeb: detecting framework hotspots via mining open source repositories on the web},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 international working conference on Mining software repositories},
	series = {MSR {\textquoteright}08},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	pages = {109{\textendash}112},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The essentials of modern software development (such as low cost and high efficiency) demand software developers to make intensive reuse of existing open source frameworks or libraries (generally referred as frameworks) available on the web. However, developers often face challenges in reusing these frameworks due to several factors such as the complexity and lack of proper documentation. In this paper, we propose a code-search-engine-based approach that tries to detect hotspots in a given framework by mining code examples gathered from open source repositories available on the web; these hotspots are the APIs that are frequently reused.

Hotspots can serve as starting points for developers in understanding and reusing the given framework. We developed a tool, called SpotWeb, for frameworks or libraries written in Java and conducted two case studies with two open source frameworks JUnit and Log4j. We also show that the detected hotspots of Log4j and JUnit are consistent with their respective documentations.},
	keywords = {code reuse, code search engine, frameworks, hotspots, junit, log4j, repositories},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-024-1},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1370750.1370775},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1370750.1370775},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/p109-thummalapenta.pdf},
	author = {Thummalapenta, Suresh and Xie, Tao}
}
@conference {Sudakrishnan:2008:UBF:1370750.1370761,
	title = {Understanding bug fix patterns in verilog},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 international working conference on Mining software repositories},
	series = {MSR {\textquoteright}08},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {39{\textendash}42},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Today, many electronic systems are developed using a hardware description language, a kind of software that can be converted into integrated circuits or programmable logic devices. Like traditional software projects, hardware projects have bugs, and significant developer time is spent fixing them. A useful first step toward reducing bugs in hardware is developing an understanding of the frequency of different types of errors. Once the most common types are known, it is then possible to focus attention on eliminating them. As most hardware projects use software configuration management repositories, these can be mined for the textual bug fix changes. In this project, we analyze the bug fix history of four hardware projects written in Verilog and manually define 25 bug fix patterns. The frequency of each bug type is then computed for all projects. We find that 29 -- 55\% of the bug fix pattern instances in Verilog involve assignment statements, while 18 -- 25\% are related to if statements.},
	keywords = {bug fixing, error classification, hdl, verilog, VHDL},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-024-1},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1370750.1370761},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1370750.1370761},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/p39-sudakrishnan.pdf},
	author = {Sudakrishnan, Sangeetha and Madhavan, Janaki and Whitehead,Jr., E. James and Renau, Jose}
}
@conference {1006,
	title = {Towards a Theoretical Model for Software Growth},
	booktitle = {Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories (MSR{\textquoteright}07:ICSE Workshops 2007)},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {21 - 21},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA},
	abstract = {Software growth (and more broadly, software evolution) is usually considered in terms of size or complexity of source code. However in different studies, usually different metrics are used, which make it difficult to compare approaches and results. In addition, not all metrics are equally easy to calculate for a given source code, which leads to the question of which one is the easiest to calculate without losing too much information. To address both issues, in this paper present a comprehensive study, based on the analysis of about 700,000 C source code files, calculating several size and complexity metrics for all of them. For this sample, we have found double Pareto statistical distributions for all metrics considered, and a high correlation between any two of them. This would imply that any model addressing software growth should produce this Pareto distributions, and that analysis based on any of the considered metrics should show a similar pattern, provided the sample of files considered is large enough.},
	keywords = {C, complexity, evolution, freebsd, growth, halstead, lines of code, loc, mccabe, metrics, scm, size, sloc, sloccount, source code},
	isbn = {0-7695-2950-X},
	doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.31},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/28300021.pdf},
	author = {Herraiz, Israel and Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona and Gregorio Robles}
}
@conference {682,
	title = {Collaborative Maintenance in Large Open-Source Projects},
	booktitle = {OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {233 - 244},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {The paper investigates collaborative work among maintainers of open source software by analyzing the logs of a set of 10 large projects. We inquire whether teamwork can be influenced by several characteristics of code. Preliminary results suggest that collaboration among maintainers in most large open-source projects seems to be positively influenced by file vintage and by Halstead volume of files, and negatively by McCabe complexity and size measured in SLOCs. These results could be consistent with an increased attractivity of files created early in the history of a project, and with maintainers being less attracted by more verbose code and by more complex code, although in this last case it might also reflect the fact that more complex files would be de facto more exclusive in terms of maintenance.
},
	keywords = {apache, COLLABORATION, complexity, cvs, gaim, gcc, ghostscript, halstead, lines of code, loc, mccabe, mozilla, netbsd, openssh, postgresql, python, sloc},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34226-5_23},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Collaborative\%20Maintenance.pdf},
	author = {den Besten, Matthijs and Jean-Michel Dalle and Galia, Fabrice}
}
@conference {Kagdi:2006:MSC:1137983.1137996,
	title = {Mining sequences of changed-files from version histories},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Mining software repositories},
	series = {MSR {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {47{\textendash}53},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Modern source-control systems, such as Subversion, preserve change-sets of files as atomic commits. However, the specific ordering information in which files were changed is typically not found in these source-code repositories. In this paper, a set of heuristics for grouping change-sets (i.e., log-entries) found in source-code repositories is presented. Given such groups of change-sets, sequences of files that frequently change together are uncovered. This approach not only gives the (unordered) sets of files but supplements them with (partial temporal) ordering information. The technique is demonstrated on a subset of KDE source-code repository. The results show that the approach is able to find sequences of changed-files.},
	keywords = {change, change history, change management, change sequences, heuristics, kde, mining software repositories, scm, sequences, source code},
	isbn = {1-59593-397-2},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1137983.1137996},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1137983.1137996},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/47MiningSequences.pdf},
	author = {Kagdi, Huzefa and Yusuf, Shehnaaz and Maletic, Jonathan I.}
}
@conference {1229,
	title = {Regurgitate: Using GIT For F/LOSS Data Collection},
	booktitle = {1st Workshop on Public Data about Software Development (WoPDaSD 2006)},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {We have created a new tool, regurgitate, for importing CVS repositories into the GIT source code management system. Important features of GIT include great expressiveness in capturing relationships between revisions and across files as well as extremely high-speed processing. These features make GIT an ideal platform for gathering detailed longitudinal metrics for open source projects. The availability of regurgitate facilitates using GIT as an analysis tool for that majority of open source projects that keep their repositories in CVS. In particular, GIT is fast enough that it is practical to replay the entire development history of a project commit-at-a-time, collecting metrics at each step. We demonstrate this process for a simple metric and a collection of benchmark F/LOSS repositories.},
	keywords = {cvs, cvsanaly, git, history, promise, regurgitate, scm},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/massey.pdf},
	author = {Bart Massey and Keith Packard}
}
@article {1088,
	title = {Self-Organization Patterns in Wasp and Open Source Communities},
	journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"To investigate such claims, we studied an OSS community{\textquoteright}s social network from a dataset describing the email activity of 120 different software teams"
"Our test data originated from Sourceforge (http://sourceforge.net), a large open source project repository, and included communi- ties ranging from very small networks with one or two members to large networks with thousands of members."
"we limited our consideration to email traffic associated with bug fixes and bug reporting. As other researchers have shown[5] this email subset allows an effective reconstruction of the software community{\textquoteright}s social network."
"We thank Kevin Crowston and James Howison for making their software data publicly available."},
	month = {03/2006},
	pages = {36 - 40},
	abstract = {In this paper, we conducted a comparative study of how social organization takes place in a wasp colony and OSS developer communities. Both these systems display similar global organization patterns, such as hierarchies and clear labor divisions. As our analysis shows, both systems also define interacting agent networks with similar common features that reflect limited information sharing among agents. As far as we know, this is the first research study analyzing the patterns and functional significance of these systems{\textquoteright} weighted-interaction networks. By illuminating the extent to which self-organization is responsible for patterns such as hierarchical structure, we can gain insight into the origins of organization in OSS communities.},
	keywords = {agents, decentralization, developers, email, email archives, flossmole, hierarchy, labor division, organization, self-organizing teams, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge, teams, wasps},
	issn = {1541-1672},
	doi = {10.1109/MIS.2006.34},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.95.5574\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/valverde.pdf},
	author = {Valverde, S. and Theraulaz, G. and Gautrais, J. and Fourcassie, V. and Sole, R.V.}
}
@conference {708,
	title = {Social dynamics of free and open source team communications},
	booktitle = {OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing },
	volume = {203/2006},
	year = {2006},
	month = {06/2006},
	pages = {319 - 330},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {This paper furthers inquiry into the social structure of free and open source software (FLOSS) teams by undertaking social network analysis across time. Contrary to expectations, we confirmed earlier findings of a wide distribution of centralizations even when examining the networks over time. The paper also provides empirical evidence that while change at the center of FLOSS projects is relatively uncommon, participation across the project communities is highly skewed, with many participants appearing for only one period. Surprisingly, large project teams are not more likely to undergo change at their centers.
},
	keywords = {bug fixing, bug reports, bug tracker, bug tracking, bugs, communications, Dynamic social networks, FLOSS teams, Human Factors, social network analysis, software development, sourceforge},
	issn = {978-0-387-34225-2},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34226-5_32},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Social\%20dynamics\%20of\%20free\%20and\%20open\%20source\%20team.pdf},
	author = {Howison, James and Inoue, Keisuke and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {772,
	title = {OTRS: un sistema a ticket per la gestione dell{\textquoteright}help desk},
	booktitle = {OSS2005: Open Source Systems },
	year = {2005},
	pages = {281},
	abstract = {Descriviamo l{\textquoteright}esperienza di utilizzo di un software a codice sorgente aperto per la gestione a ticket dell{\textquoteright}help desk informatico del D.I.S.I. (Dipartimento di Informatica e Scienze delll{\textquoteright}Informazione) dell{\textquoteright}Universit{\`a} degli Studi di Genova.},
	keywords = {help desk, open source, ticketing system, trouble ticket},
	url = {http://pascal.case.unibz.it/handle/2038/1423},
	author = {Bencetti, Stefano and Verduci, Gianni}
}
@conference {Phadke:2005:PRM:1145319.1145337,
	title = {Predicting risky modules in open-source software for high-performance computing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the second international workshop on Software engineering for high performance computing system applications},
	series = {SE-HPCS {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {60{\textendash}64},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {This paper presents the position that software-quality modeling of open-source software for high-performance computing can identify modules that have a high risk of bugs.Given the source code for a recent release, a model can predict which modules are likely to have bugs, based on data from past releases. If a user knows which software modules correspond to functionality of interest, then risks to operations become apparent. If the risks are too great, the user may prefer not to upgrade to the most recent release.Of course, such predictions are never perfect. After release, bugs are discovered. Some bugs are missed by the model, and some predicted errors do not occur. A successful model will be accurate enough for informed management action at the time of the predictions.As evidence for this position, this paper summarizes a case study of the Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSC), which is a mathematical library for high-performance computing. Data was drawn from source-code and configuration management logs. The accuracy of logistic-regression and decision-tree models indicated that the methodology is promising. The case study also illustrated several modeling issues.},
	keywords = {C4.5, decision trees, empirical case study, high performance computing, logistic regression, Open-source software, PETSc, software metrics, software quality model, software reliability},
	isbn = {1-59593-117-1},
	doi = {10.1145/1145319.1145337},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1145319.1145337},
	author = {Phadke, Amit A. and Allen, Edward B.}
}
@mastersthesis {43,
	title = {The social construction of freedom in free and open source software: Hackers, ethics, and the liberal tradition},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2005},
	school = {University of Chicago},
	type = {PhD Dissertation},
	address = {Chicago, Illinois},
	abstract = {This dissertation, based on fieldwork conducted between January 2001 and May 2003 on the Debian free software project and among hackers living in the Bay area, is an ethnography focused on the ethics and politics of free and open source hackers. My aim in this dissertation is to evaluate the rise of expressive rights among hackers as a historically and culturally specific practice of liberal freedom that can only be made sensible through the lens of a hacker technical way of life--in which their pragmatics and poetics are given serious consideration. Moving and integrating various levels of analysis: the phenomenology of technical praxis, the sociological creation of an ethical practice that unfolds in the hacker public sphere and the FOSS project, and the historical rise of reflective signification through overt political dissent, I offer a comprehensive account of how hackers have come to value and enact freedom, what they mean by it, and suggest some ideas about the broader political effects of their practices. Instead of an emphasis of self-determination and individuality based on the acquisition of property, hackers have placed emphasis on individuality as a form of critical self-determination that requires unrestricted access to knowledge in order to constantly develop technical skills and to progress the state of their technical art. Important for the purposes of this dissertation is that hackers challenge one sacred realm of liberal jurisprudence--intellectual property--by drawing on and reformulating ideals from another one--free speech.},
	keywords = {culture, hacker},
	author = {Coleman, E.G.}
}
@conference {899,
	title = {Stopping spyware at the gate: a user study of privacy, notice and spyware},
	booktitle = {2005 Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security},
	year = {2005},
	month = {07/2005},
	pages = {43-52},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	organization = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	address = {Pittsburgh, PA},
	keywords = {agreement,, and, Aspects,, Design,, end, EULA,, Experimentation,, Factors,, Human, Legal, license, notice,, of, privacy,, security, service,, spyware,, terms, ToS,, usability,, user},
	isbn = {1-59593-178-3 },
	author = {N. Good and Dhamija, R. and J. Grossklags and D. Thaw and Aronowitz, S. and D. Mulligan and J. Konstan}
}
@proceedings {124,
	title = {Membership dynamics and network stability in the open-source community: the ising perspective},
	year = {2004},
	note = {"simulations with the empirical network data that were collected from two actual OSS communities, Linux and Hypermail."

"we initially downloaded nearly 100,000 archived (between 1997 and 2003) LINUX Kernel and Hypermail newsgroup messages posted in a UNIX mailbox format"

"Specific information was obtained regarding the characteristics of these two OSS communities, including the size, the number of average connections per participant, and the hierarchy of each community."},
	abstract = {In this paper, we address the following two questions: (1)How does a participant{\textquoteright}s membership decision affect the others (neighbors) with whom he has collaborated over an extended period of time in an open source software (OSS) network? (2) To what extent do network characteristics (i.e, size and connectivity) mediate the impact of external factors on the OSS participants{\textquoteright} dynamic membership decisions and hence the stability of the network? From the Ising perspective, we present fresh theoretical insight into the dynamic and reciprocal membership relations between OSS participants. We also performed simulations based on empirical data that were collected from two actual OSS communities. Some of the key findings include that (1) membership herding is highly present when the external force is weak, but decreases significantly when the force increases, (2) the propensity for membership herding is most likely to be seen in a large network with a random connectivity, and (3) for large networks, at low external force a random connectivity will perform better than a scale-free counterpart in terms of the network strength. However, as the temperature (external force) increases, the reverse phenomenon is observed. In addition, the scale-free connectivity appears to be less volatile than with the random connectivity in response to the increase in the temperature. We conclude with several implications that may be of significance to OSS stakeholders.},
	keywords = {email, email archive, hypermail, linux, mailing list, membership, membership herding, newsgroup, open source, participants, social network analysis, stakeholders, team size},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/OhJeon.pdf},
	author = {Oh, Wonseok and Jeon, Sangyong}
}
@article {116,
	title = {How open source software works: "free" user-to-user assistance},
	journal = {Research Policy},
	volume = {32},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	note = {"The empirical data we collected for study was related to postings to the Apache Usenet help forum, CIWS-U (comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix). "
"For data regarding long-term participation in CIWS-U{\textemdash}who participated, long-term trends, etc.{\textemdash}we examined Usenet posting patterns from 1996 to 1999."
"The Usenet log data was obtained from a World Wide Web service called Deja.com (since acquired by Google)"
survey},
	pages = {923-943},
	abstract = {Research into free and open source software development projects has so far largely focused on how the major tasks of software development are organized and motivated. But a complete project requires the execution of "mundane but necessary" tasks as well. In this paper, we explore how the mundane but necessary task of field support is organized in the case of Apache web server software, and why some project participants are motivated to provide this service gratis to others. We find that the Apache field support system functions effectively. We also find that, when we partition the help system into its component tasks, 98\% of the effort expended by information providers in fact returns direct learning benefits to those providers. This finding considerably reduces the puzzle of why information providers are willing to perform this task "for free." Implications are discussed.},
	keywords = {apache, help, logs, MOTIVATION, participants, Survey, usenet},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.110.8172\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/lakhani2003.pdf},
	author = {Karim R Lakhani and von Hippel, Eric}
}
@conference {1157,
	title = {Why Do Developers Contribute to Open Source Projects? First Evidence of Economic Incentives},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ICSE Workshop on Open Source},
	year = {2002},
	note = {"The data for this research come from two primary sources: Apache project archives and a targeted survey of Apache participants. Archival data are open source project artifacts such as email and source code archives, source code version control meta-data and developer web sites."},
	abstract = {The availability of commercial quality, free software products such as the Apache HTTP (web) server or the Linux operating system has focused significant attention on the open source development process by which these products were created. One of the more perplexing aspects of open source software projects is why developers freely devote their time and energy to these projects. While many open source participants cite idealistic motives for participation, Lerner and Tirole (2000) argue that developer participation in open source projects may, in part, be explained by existing economic theory regarding career concerns. This research seeks to confirm or disconfirm the existence of economic returns to participation in open source development. Preliminary results of our empirical investigation suggest that greater open source participation per se, as measured in contributions made, does not lead to wage increases. However, a higher status in a merit-based ranking within the Apache Project does lead to significantly higher wages. This suggests that employers do not reward the gain in experience through open source participation as an increase in human capital. The results are also consistent with the notion that a high rank within the Apache Software Foundation is a credible signal of the productive capacity of a programmer.},
	keywords = {apache, contributions, cvs, developers, ECONOMICS, email, email archives, financial, Human capital, mailing list, MOTIVATION, participation, source code, version control},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/HannRobertsSlaughterFielding.pdf},
	author = {Il-Horn Hann and Jeff Roberts and Sandra Slaughter and Roy Fielding}
}
@conference {1141,
	title = {Corporate Source: Applying Open Source Concepts to a Corporate Environment},
	booktitle = {1st Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering at ICSE 2001},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {commercial software, hewlett packard, hp, organizational sponsorship},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/dinkelackergarg.pdf},
	author = {Dinkelacker, J. and Garg, P.K.}
}
