@conference {Godfrey:2001:GES:602461.602482,
	title = {Growth, evolution, and structural change in open source software},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution (IWPSE 2001)},
	series = {IWPSE {\textquoteright}01},
	year = {2001},
	note = {"We measured [linux] system size in uncommented LOC"
"We also examined the growth of several other open source systems, including the VIM text editor, Eric Raymond{\textquoteright}s fetchmail utility, and the GCC compiler suite. "},
	pages = {103{\textendash}106},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Our recent work has addressed how and why software systems evolve over time, with a particular emphasis on software architecture and open source software systems [2, 3, 6]. In this position paper, we present a short summary of two recent projects. First, we have performed a case study on the evolution of the Linux kernel [3], as well as some other open source software (OSS) systems. We have found that several OSS systems appear not to obey some of "Lehman{\textquoteright}s laws" of software evolution [5, 7], and that Linux in particular is continuing to grow at a geometric rate. Currently, we are working on a detailed study of the evolution of one of the subsystems of the Linux kernel: the SCSI drivers subsystem. We have found that cloning, which is usually considered to be an indicator of lazy development and poor process, is quite common and is even considered to be a useful practice. Second, we are developing a tool called Beagle to aid software maintainers in understanding how large systems have changed over time. Beagle integrates data from various static analysis and metrics tools and provides a query engine as well as navigable visualizations. Of particular note, Beagle aims to provide help in modelling long term evolution of systems that have undergone architectural and structural change.},
	keywords = {agile methods, beagle, cloning, evolution, fetchmail, gcc, growth, kernel, lehman{\textquoteright}s laws, lines of code, linux, linux kernel, loc, open source software, software architecture, software evolution, source code, structural change, supporting environments, vim},
	isbn = {1-58113-508-4},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/602461.602482},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/602461.602482},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/tu2001.pdf},
	author = {Michael Godfrey and Tu, Qiang}
}
@article {98,
	title = {Striking a balance between trust anti control in a virtual organization: a content analysis of open source software case studies},
	journal = {Information Systems Journal},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	note = {"I employ secondary analysis of published case studies of OSS projects. I used several search methods to identify such case studies about OSS pro- jects. First, I searched the electronic archives of both ACM and IEEE, using terms such as {\textquoteleft}open source.{\textquoteright} "
"Secondly, I searched on Bell \& Howell/Proquest{\textquoteright}s ABI/Inform, a database of acade- mic and trade publications on business and management (including technology management). Thirdly, I reviewed the {\textquoteleft}position papers{\textquoteright} of the various authors who attended the 1st Work- shop on Open-Source Software Engineering (Feller et al., 2001) for relevant case studies. Fourthly, I searched on Harvard Publishing{\textquoteright}s websites, which contain case studies published"
"Finally, as I located case studies or other publi- cations about OSS projects, I followed references from them to identify other case studies. Although I found literally hundreds of publications about OSS development, there was a much smaller number of case studies"},
	pages = {277-304},
	abstract = {Many organization theorists have predicted the emergence of the networked or virtual firm as a model for the design of future organizations. Researchers have also emphasized the importance of trust as a necessary condition for ensuring the success of virtual organizations. This paper examines the open source software (OSS) {\textquoteright}movement{\textquoteright} as an example of a virtual organization and proposes a model that runs contrary to the belief that trust is critical for virtual organizations. Instead, I argue that various control mechanisms can ensure the effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations. Borrowing from the theory of the {\textquoteright}McDonaldization{\textquoteright} of society, I argue that, given a set of practices to ensure the control, efficiency, predictability and calculability of processes and outcomes in virtual organizations, effective performance may occur in the absence of trust. As support for my argument, I employ content analysis to examine a set of published case studies of OSS projects. My results show that, although that trust is rarely mentioned, ensuring control is an important criterion for effective performance within OSS projects. The case studies feature few references to other dimensions of {\textquoteright}McDonaldization{\textquoteright} (efficiency, predictability and calculability), however, and I conclude that the OSS movement relies on many other forms of social control and self-control, which are often unacknowledged in OSS projects. Through these implicit forms of control, OSS projects are able to secure the cooperation of the autonomous agents that participate in project teams. I conclude by extrapolating from these case studies to other virtual organizations.},
	keywords = {apache, case studies, Control, fetchmail, jun, linux, linux kernel, McDonaldization, mozilla, networked organization, perl, rationalization, trust, virtual organization},
	author = {Gallivan, M. J.}
}
