@booklet {1781,
	title = {Lessons Learned from Applying Social Network Analysis on an Industrial Free/Libre/Open Source Software Ecosystem},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Many software projects are no longer done in-house by a single organization. Instead, we are in a new age where software is developed by a networked community of individuals and organizations, which base their relations to each other on mutual interest. Paradoxically, recent research suggests that software development can actually be jointly-developed by rival firms. For instance, it is known that the mobile-device makers Apple and Samsung kept collaborating in open source projects while running expensive patent wars in the court. Taking a case study approach, we explore how rival firms collaborate in the open source arena by employing a multi-method approach that combines qualitative analysis of archival data (QA) with mining software repositories (MSR) and Social Network Analysis (SNA). While exploring collaborative processes within the OpenStack ecosystem, our research contributes to Software Engineering research by exploring the role of groups, sub-communities and business models within a high-networked open source ecosystem. Surprising results point out that competition for the same revenue model (i.e., operating conflicting business models) does not necessary affect collaboration within the ecosystem. Moreover, while detecting the different sub-communities of the OpenStack community, we found out that the expected social tendency of developers to work with developers from same firm (i.e., homophony) did not hold within the OpenStack ecosystem. Furthermore, while addressing a novel, complex and unexplored open source case, this research also contributes to the management literature in coopetition strategy and high-tech entrepreneurship with a rich description on how heterogeneous actors within a high-networked ecosystem (involving individuals, startups, established firms and public organizations) joint-develop a complex infrastructure for big-data in the open source arena.},
	keywords = {business models, cloud computing, homophily, open source, Open-Coopetition, openstack, social network analysis, Software ecosystems},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.04587},
	author = {Teixeira, Jose and Gregorio Robles and Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona}
}
@inbook {1594,
	title = {How Do Social Interaction Networks Influence Peer Impressions Formation? A Case Study},
	booktitle = {Open Source Software: Mobile Open Source Technologies},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {427},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {31-40},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Due to their lack of physical interaction, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) participants form impressions of their teammates largely based on sociotechnical mechanisms including: code commits, code reviews, mailing-lists, and bug comments. These mechanisms may have different effects on peer impression formation. This paper describes a social network analysis of the WikiMedia project to determine which type of interaction has the most favorable characteristics for impressions formation. The results suggest that due to lower centralization, high interactivity, and high degree of interactions between participants, the code review interactions have the most favorable characteristics to support impression formation among FOSS participants.},
	keywords = {COLLABORATION, FOSS, open source, OSS, social network analysis},
	isbn = {978-3-642-55127-7},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-55128-4_4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55128-4_4},
	author = {Bosu, Amiangshu and Carver, JeffreyC.},
	editor = {Corral, Luis and Sillitti, Alberto and Succi, Giancarlo and Vlasenko, Jelena and Wasserman, AnthonyI.}
}
@proceedings {1457,
	title = {The Impact of Formal QA Practices on FLOSS Communities {\textendash} The Case of Mozilla},
	volume = {378},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {262-267},
	publisher = {IFIP AICT,  Springer},
	abstract = {The number of FLOSS projects that include a QA step in the development model is increasing which suggests that a new layer may be emerging in the classic {\textquotedblleft}onion model{\textquotedblright}. This change might affect the information flow within projects and implicitly their sustainability. Communities, the essential resource of FLOSS projects, have been extensively studied but questions concerning QA remain. This paper takes a step towards answering such questions by analyzing QA mailing lists and issue tracker data for the Mozilla group of projects. Because the Bugzilla data set contains over half a million bugs, data processing and analysis is a considerable challenge for this research. The provisional conclusions are that QA activity may not be increasing steadily over time but is dependent on other factors and that the QA team and other groups of contributors form a highly connected network that doesn{\textquoteright}t contain isolates.},
	keywords = {email, information flow, mailing lists, mozilla, quality assurance, social network analysis, test},
	author = {Barham, Adina}
}
@proceedings {1270,
	title = {Impact of Stakeholder Type and Collaboration on Issue Resolution Time in OSS Projects},
	year = {2011},
	note = {"First, we characterize the difference in the average amount of resolved issues and issue resolution time between a volunteer assignee and a firm-paid assignee....Second, we investigate collaboration among stakeholders in OSS projects by using Social network metrics and analysis. Last, we explore the impact of the collaboration measures on issue resolution time."

"Three OSS projects were selected for our study, namely Qt, Qpid and Geronimo"

"All software issues were collected from JIRA repositories...Issue resolution time was computed by using the created time field and the issue resolved time field."},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {1-16},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Initialized by a collective contribution of volunteer developers, Open source software (OSS) attracts an increasing involvement of commercial firms. Many OSS projects are composed of a mix group of firm-paid and volunteer developers, with different motivations, collaboration practices and working styles. As OSS development consists of collaborative works in nature, it is important to know whether these differences have an impact on collaboration between difference types of stakeholders, which lead to an influence in the project outcomes. In this paper, we empirically investigate the firm-paid participation in resolving OSS evolution issues, the stakeholder collaboration and its impact on OSS issue resolution time. The results suggest that though a firm-paid assigned developer resolves much more issues than a volunteer developer does, there is no difference in issue resolution time between them. Besides, the more important factor that influences the issue resolution time comes from the collaboration among stakeholders rather than from individual characteristics.},
	keywords = {COLLABORATION, companies, coordination, defects, feature requests, geronimo, jira, qpid, qt, social network analysis, volunteer},
	author = {Duc, Ach Nguyen and Cruzes, Daniela S. and Ayala, Claudia and Conradi, Reidar}
}
@proceedings {1277,
	title = {Knowledge Homogeneity and Specialization in the Apache HTTP Server Project},
	year = {2011},
	note = {"Our data set consists of the commit history and email archives for the Apache HTTP Server Project, spanning sixteen years (2/27/1995 - 1/31/2011)"

"we 1) mapped the committers to email records, 2) cleaned the email records to remove extraneous information, 3) identified topics of discussion in the resulting messages, and 4) constructed a social network model from committers and topics."

"If specialization exists within the httpd community, we should see distinct communities develop around topics. In addition, unique groups of developers should congregate around specialized subtopics. We examined the data from both angles: topical affinity and topic communities."
},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {106-122},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {We present an analysis of developer communication in the Apache HTTP Server project. Using topic modeling techniques we expose latent conceptual sub-communities arising from developer specialization within the greater developer population. However, we found that among the major contributors to the project, very little specialization exists. We present theories to explain this phenomenon, and suggest further research.},
	keywords = {apache, commits, developer, email, email archive, LDA, mailing list, revision control, revision history, scm, social network analysis, specialization, subversion, svn},
	url = {http://sequoia.cs.byu.edu/lab/files/pubs/MacLean2011a.pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/MacLean2011a.pdf},
	author = {MacLean, Alexander C. and Pratt, Landon J. and Knutson, Charles D. and Ringger, Eric K.}
}
@conference {Meneely:2011:SDN:1985793.1985832,
	title = {Socio-technical developer networks: should we trust our measurements?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering},
	series = {ICSE {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {281{\textendash}290},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Software development teams must be properly structured to provide effectiv collaboration to produce quality software. Over the last several years, social network analysis (SNA) has emerged as a popular method for studying the collaboration and organization of people working in large software development teams. Researchers have been modeling networks of developers based on socio-technical connections found in software development artifacts. Using these developer networks, researchers have proposed several SNA metrics that can predict software quality factors and describe the team structure. But do SNA metrics measure what they purport to measure? The objective of this research is to investigate if SNA metrics represent socio-technical relationships by examining if developer networks can be corroborated with developer perceptions. To measure developer perceptions, we developed an online survey that is personalized to each developer of a development team based on that developer{\textquoteright}s SNA metrics. Developers answered questions about other members of the team, such as identifying their collaborators and the project experts. A total of 124 developers responded to our survey from three popular open source projects: the Linux kernel, the PHP programming language, and the Wireshark network protocol analyzer. Our results indicate that connections in the developer network are statistically associated with the collaborators whom the developers named. Our results substantiate that SNA metrics represent socio-technical relationships in open source development projects, while also clarifying how the developer network can be interpreted by researchers and practitioners.},
	keywords = {developer network, developers, linux, linux kernel, PHP, social network analysis, Survey, wireshark},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0445-0},
	doi = {10.1145/1985793.1985832},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1985793.1985832},
	author = {Meneely, Andrew and Williams, Laurie}
}
@article {howison2010validity-issues,
	title = {Validity Issues in the Use of Social Network Analysis with Digital Trace data},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {Article 2},
	abstract = {There is an exciting natural match between social network analysis methods and the growth of data sources produced by social interactions via information technologies, from online communities to corporate information systems. Information Systems researchers have not been slow to embrace this combination of method and data. Such systems increasingly provide "digital trace data" that provide new research opportunities. Yet digital trace data are substantively different from the survey and interview data for which network analysis measures and interpretations were originally developed. This paper examines ten validity issues associated with the combination of data digital trace data and social network analysis methods, with examples from the IS literature, to provide recommendations for improving the validity of research using this combination.},
	keywords = {information system, Online Communities, social network analysis, Virtuality},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/HowisonSNADigitalTraceData-WorkingPaper.pdf},
	author = {Howison, James and Andrea Wiggins and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {1382,
	title = {Analysis of virtual communities supporting OSS projects using social network analysis},
	journal = {Information and Software Technology},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2010},
	month = {3/2010},
	pages = {296 - 303},
	abstract = {This paper analyses the behaviour of virtual communities for Open Source Software (OSS) projects. The development of OSS projects relies on virtual communities, which are built on relationships among members, being their final objective sharing knowledge and improving the underlying project. This study addresses the interactive collaboration in these kinds of communities applying social network analysis (SNA). In particular, SNA techniques will be used to identify those members playing a middle-man role among other community members. Results will illustrate the importance of this role to achieve successful virtual communities.},
	keywords = {arm, email, Knowledge brokers, linux, mailing list, open source software, social network analysis, virtual communities},
	issn = {09505849},
	doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2009.10.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950584909001888},
	author = {Toral, S.L. and Mart{\'\i}nez-Torres, M.R. and Barrero, F.}
}
@conference {1256,
	title = {Analyzing Leadership Dynamics in Distributed Group Communication},
	booktitle = {2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2010)},
	year = {2010},
	note = {"Our analysis examines the communication patterns in two FLOSS development projects, Fire and Gaim"
"These data were imported into a database to allow automated analysis. The Fire data set includes about 1,800 events in the user email list, 7,800 messages in the developer venues, and 1,300 events in the combined trackers, spanning a period of 54 months. The significantly larger Gaim data set included over 41,000 events in the user forum, over 30,000 events in the developer venues, and about 20,000 events in the trackers, generated over 78 months."
"The dynamic network analysis was performed using a scientific workflow tool, Taverna Workbench"},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Honolulu, Hawaii, USA},
	abstract = {We apply social network analysis (SNA) to examine the dynamics of leadership in distributed groups, specifically Free/Libre Open Source Software development projects, and its relation to group performance. Based on prior work on leadership in distributed groups, we identify leaders with those who make the highest level of contribution to the group and assess the degree of leadership by measuring centralization of communications. We compare the dynamics of leadership in two FLOSS projects, one more and one less effective. We find that in both projects, centralization was higher in developer-oriented communications venues than in user-oriented venues, suggesting higher degrees of leadership in developer venues. However, we do not find a consistent relation between centralization and effectiveness. We suggest that SNA can instead be useful for identifying interesting periods in the history of the project, e.g., periods where the leadership of the project is in transition.},
	keywords = {core, DYNAMICS, email, email archives, fire, flossmole, gaim, leadership, mailing list, project success, social network analysis, srda},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-5509-6},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2010.62},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/07-06-02.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Andrea Wiggins and Howison, James}
}
@conference {1257,
	title = {The Importance of Social Network Structure in the Open Source Software Developer Community},
	booktitle = {2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	year = {2010},
	note = {"Using data from the SourceForge Research Data Archive [2, 9] and the new dataset of concurrent versions system (CVS) metadata described in [8]..." (M. Van Antwerp. Studying open source versioning metadata. Master{\textquoteright}s thesis, University of NotreDame, Notre Dame, IN, January 2009)
"To measure long-term popularity, we used the SourceForge activity percentile."},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Honolulu, Hawaii, USA},
	abstract = {This paper outlines the motivations and methods for analyzing the developer network of open source software (OSS) projects. Previous work done by Hinds [5] suggested social network structure was instrumental towards the success of an OSS project, as measured by activity and output. The follow-up paper by Hinds [4] discovered that his hypotheses, based on social network theory and previous research on the importance of subgroup connectedness, were vastly different than the results of his study of over 100 successful OSS projects. He concluded that the social network structure had no significant effect on project success. We outline how his approach disregarded potentially important factors and through a new study evaluate the role of the OSS developer network as it pertains to long-term project popularity. We also present an initial investigation into the adequacy of using the SourceForge activity percentile as a long-term success metric. In contrast with Hinds, we show that previously existing developer-developer ties are an indicator of past and future project popularity.},
	keywords = {developers, popularity, project success, social network analysis, sourceforge, srda},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-5509-6},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2010.385},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/07-06-07.pdf},
	author = {Matthew Van Antwerp and Madey, Greg}
}
@conference {1218,
	title = {A Longitudinal Study on Collaboration Networks and Decision to Participate in a FLOSS Community},
	booktitle = {5th Workshop on Public Data about Software Development (WoPDaSD 2010)},
	year = {2010},
	note = {"we chose as a case of study Epiphany, which is the default web browser of the GNOME graphical desktop environment"

"We collected all relevant data by parsing all the bug reports in GNOME Bugzilla repository relative to Epiphany. The data collection and storing was done using Bicho (v. 0.4 rev. 7198), a software part of the FLOSSMetric project [14]."},
	abstract = {In this paper we conjecture that individual decisions of FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software) developers to take on a task are influenced by network relations generated by collaboration among project members. In order to explore our conjecture we collected data on a FLOSS project team consisting of 227 developers committed since 2002 to the development of a web browser. We reconstructed 2-mode co- collaboration networks (software developer by bug) in which a tie represents an action taken by a developer in order to solve a specific bug. Co-collaboration networks were collected at five points in time during a six-month development cycle of the software. We report and discuss results of longitudinal actor-based modeling that we specify to test for the influence of local network structures on developer{\textquoteright}s decision to take action on a specific bug. The study controls for bug-specific and developer-specific characteristics that may also affect developers{\textquoteright} decisions exogenously. We also control for priority and severity levels assigned by the team to bugs in an attempt to manage voluntary contribution.},
	keywords = {bicho, bug fixing, bug reports, bugzilla, COLLABORATION, developers, epiphany, flossmetrics, gnome, social network analysis},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/wopdasd002.pdf},
	author = {Guido Conaldi and Tonellato, Marco}
}
@conference {Oezbek:2010:OCS:1833272.1833274,
	title = {The onion has cancer: some social network analysis visualizations of open source project communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Free/Libre/Open Source Software Research and Development (FLOSS {\textquoteright}10)},
	series = {FLOSS {\textquoteright}10},
	year = {2010},
	note = {paper d/l from www.inf.fu-berlin.de/~oezbek/pub/OezThiPre10-SNA.pdf

"We study the introduction of process innovations in Open Source projects [33] by manually extracting innovation episodes from arch- ives of mailing-lists and analyzing these episodes qualitatively by the Grounded Theory Method [38]."

"we took all messages from the mailing-list archives in 2007 of the projects we were studying, turned each participant into a node (unifying multi- ple e-mail addresses where needed [6]), and computed relationship strength between A and B as the number of e-mails that are a reply of B to a message from A or vice versa, according to the in-reply-to header of the e-mail."

Our data set covers 11 of the 13 projects (from 7 different do- mains, selected from mailing-list archive Gmane to build a diverse set of projects) for which we analyzed innovation episodes. They include three workflow applications (Bugzilla, Flyspray, Request Tracker), two desktop environments (Rox, Xfce), two design tools (ArgoUML, a UML CASE tool; gEDA, a set of electronic design automation tools), one bootloader (Grub), one hardware emulator (Bochs), one operating system (FreeDOS), and one database man- agement system (MonetDB).},
	pages = {5{\textendash}10},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Background: People contribute to OSS projects in wildly different degrees, from reporting a single defect once and never coming back to spending many hours each workday on the project over several years - or anything in between. It is a common conception that these degrees of participation sort the participants into a number of similar groups which are layered like the peels of an onion: The onion model. Objective: We check whether this model of gradually different degrees of participation is valid with respect to the participation in OSS project mailing-list traffic. Methods: We perform social network analysis based on replies to mailing-list messages and use visualization to check the nature of three different groups of participants. Results: There appears to be a discontinuity with respect to core members: The degree to which very active core members (as opposed to less active co-developers) react to e-mails of senders from the project{\textquoteright}s periphery is significantly higher than would be expected from their level of activity in general. Limitations: The effect might be an artifact of the assumption that each mailing-list message can be treated the same. Conclusions: We conclude that core member status may be qualitatively (rather than just quantitatively) different and the transition of individual mailing-list participants towards ever higher participation is qualitatively discontinuous.},
	keywords = {argouml, Bochs, bugzilla, communication structure, Flyspray, gEDA, Grub, MonetDB, open source process, request tracker, Rox, social network analysis, Xfce},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-978-7},
	doi = {10.1145/1833272.1833274},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1833272.1833274},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/OezThiPre10-SNA.pdf},
	author = {Oezbek, Christopher and Prechelt, Lutz and Thiel, Florian}
}
@article {10.1109/HICSS.2009.713,
	title = {Evaluating Longitudinal Success of Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective},
	journal = {2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2009)},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"We collect data of various OSS projects over an extended period of 13 months and utilize cross-sectional time-series panel data analysis methods..."
"we observe and analyze the developers{\textquoteright} interactions through bug, patch, support request, and feature request (BPSF) tracking systems hosted on SourceForge.net"
"Three criteria are adopted to select useful projects: projects are selected from top 7000 ranked projects; projects have at least three developers; and there are enough interactions to ensure that each sociomatrix is equal to or larger than 3{\texttimes}3 matrix..."},
	pages = {1-10},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
	abstract = {To date, numerous open source projects are hosted on many online repositories. While some of these projects are active and thriving, some projects are either languishing or showing no development activities at all. This phenomenon thus begs the important question of what are the influential factors that affect the success of open source projects. In a quest to deepen our understanding of the evolution of open source projects, this research aims to analyze the success of open source projects by using the theoretical lens of social network analysis. Based on extensive analyses of data collected from online repositories, we study the impact of the communication patterns of software development teams on the demand and supply outcomes of these projects, while accounting for project-specific characteristics. Using panel data analysis of data over 13 months, we find significant impacts of communication patterns on project outcomes over the long term.},
	keywords = {bug tracking system, communication, project success, social network analysis, sourceforge},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-3450-3},
	doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.713},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/09-02-12.pdf},
	author = {Jing Wu and Khim Yong Goh}
}
@conference {1203,
	title = {Flat for the few, steep for the many: Structural cohesion as  a measure of hierarchy in FLOSS communities},
	booktitle = {4th Workshop on Public Data about Software Development (WoPDaSD 2009)},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"The FLOSS project selected as case study is the GNOME web browser Epiphany. The communication network was  generated tracing backwards mail threads in the development mailing list. "},
	month = {2009},
	abstract = {A discrepancy exists between the emphasis posed by practitioners on decentralized and non-hierarchical communication in Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities and empirical evidence of their hierarchical structure. In order to explain this apparent paradox it is here hypothesized that in FLOSS communities local sub-groups exist and are less hierarchical, more decentralized than the whole social network to which they belong. A measure of structural cohesion based on network node connectivity is proposed as an effective method to test whether FLOSS communication networks can be decomposed in nested hierarchies of progressively less centralized sub-groups. Preliminary results from a case study that are consistent with the hypothesis are presented and discussed. },
	keywords = {case study, email, email archives, epiphany, gnome, mailing list, social network analysis},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/guido-conaldi-flat-for-the-few.pdf},
	author = {Guido Conaldi}
}
@conference {1263,
	title = {Multiple Social Networks Analysis of FLOSS Projects using Sargas},
	booktitle = {2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2009)},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"The interval of analysis for the first three networks was from 2003/02/24 to 2003/11/03. These networks were created using the OSSNetwork tool [18]. The source code of the PMD project was collected starting on 2002/06/24..."
"Transflow performs a co-changes analysis of the source code modification history and creates a matrix where software components are connected by taking into account the frequency that they have been changed together (i.e., in the same check-in): if two files have been changed together in the same check-in, an edge is created to link these two files."},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA},
	abstract = {Due to their characteristics and claimed advantages, several researchers have been investigating free and open-source projects. Different aspects are being studied: for instance, what motivates developers to join FLOSS projects, the tools, processes and practices used in FLOSS projects, the evolution of FLOSS communities among other things. Researchers have studied collaboration and coordination of open source software developers using an approach known as social network analysis and have gained important insights about these projects. Most researchers, however, have not focused on the integrated study of these networks and, accordingly, in their interrelationships. This paper describes an approach and tool to combine multiple social networks to study the evolution of open-source projects. Our tool, named Sargas, allows comparison and visualization of different social networks at the same time. Initial results of our analysis can be used to extend the "onion-model" of open source participation.},
	keywords = {case study, multiple social networks, ossnetwork, pmd, social network analysis, transflow},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-3450-3},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.316},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/07-07-06.pdf},
	author = {de Sousa, S.F. and Balieiro, M.A. and dos R. Costa, J.M. and de Souza, C.R.B.}
}
@article {1082,
	title = {Returns from social capital in open source software networks},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Economics},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"The data we use in this analysis come from the SourceForge.net Research Data (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame)." "Particularly, our dataset is a sub-sample of 2,962 valid observations over twelve months of projects aimed at developing games{\textquoteright} software. To get this sample, we look at the monthly dumps of data and select all projects that belong to the category of GNU Public License (GPL) [6]. "
dependent variable: performance (number of downloads); independent variable: social network ("Here we measure ties among projects through the individuals{\textquoteright} member and contributor roles at projects on the network over time.)},
	month = {4/2009},
	pages = {277 - 295},
	abstract = {Open Source Software projects base their operation on a collaborative structure for knowledge exchange in the form of provision or reception of information, expertise, and feedback on the creation of source code. Here, we address the direction of these knowledge flows among projects throughout social networks and their impact on project success. We identify the roles of membership or contribution that individuals play within projects. We found that connections through contributors who bring their knowledge to the project, improve project success, and that connection through members, who transfer their knowledge towards other projects, enhance project success. Finally, we found that ties through shared membership and contributions hamper project success. The analysis of knowledge flows and their impact on project success imply a translation of returns from investment in social capital, where investment takes the shape of knowledge flows and the returns mean the projects{\textquoteright} diffusion over the network.},
	keywords = {contributors, developers, games, gpl, project success, roles, social capital, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge, srda, teams},
	issn = {1432-1386},
	doi = {10.1007/s00191-008-0125-5},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Mendez-DuronGarcia.pdf},
	author = {M{\'e}ndez-Dur{\'o}n, Rebeca and Garc{\'\i}a, Clara E.}
}
@conference {flosswp1737,
	title = {Improving community awareness in software forges by semantical aggregation of tools feeds},
	booktitle = {3nd International Workshop on Public Data about Software Development (WoPDaSD 2008), Milano, Italy, September 2008},
	year = {2008},
	abstract = {It is rather difficult to monitor or visualize what can be the contribution of a member in a project, especially when the project uses multiple tools to produce its results. This is the case for collaborative development of FLOSS software, that use Wiki, bug tracker, mailing lists and source code management tools. This paper presents an approach to data collection by using aggregation of feeds published by the different tools of a software forge. To allow this aggregation, collected data is semantically reformatted into Semantic Web standards: RDF, DC, DOAP, and FOAF. Resulting data can then be processed, republished or displayed to project members. We implemented this approach in a supervision module that has been integrated into the PicoForge platform. This module is able do draw a live graph of the social community out of the different sources of data, and in turn export semantic feeds for other uses.},
	keywords = {community of practice, DOAF., FOAF, free and open source software development, public data, RDF, semantic Web, social filtering, social network analysis},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Paper4.pdf},
	author = {Quang Vu Dang and Christian Bac and Olivier Berger and Xuan Sang Dao}
}
@conference {Pohl:2008:DNM:1370114.1370135,
	title = {What dynamic network metrics can tell us about developer roles},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 international workshop on Cooperative and human aspects of software engineering (CHASE {\textquoteright}08)},
	series = {CHASE {\textquoteright}08},
	year = {2008},
	note = {paper d/l from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.217.4765

this particular paper focuses on building the SNA using co-authorship of files in Tomcat.},
	pages = {81{\textendash}84},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Software development is heavily dependent on the participants of the process and their roles within the process. Each developer has his specific skills and interests and hence contributes to the project in a different way. While some programmers work on separate modules, others developers integrate these modules towards the final product. To identify such different groups of people one approach is to work with methods taken from social network analysis. To this end, a social network has to be defined in a suitable way, and appropriate analysis strategies have to be chosen. This paper shows how a network of software developers could be defined based on information in a software repository, and what it can possibly tell about roles of developers (and what not) in the process of the application server Tomcat.},
	keywords = {identifying roles, social network analysis},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-039-5},
	doi = {10.1145/1370114.1370135},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1370114.1370135},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/10.1.1.217.4765.pdf},
	author = {Pohl, Mathias and Diehl, Stephan}
}
@article {119,
	title = {Social network structures in open source software development teams},
	journal = {Journal of Database Management},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {"Three projects were selected from SourceForge.net in terms of their similarities as well as their differences. Monthly data were extracted from the bug tracking systems in order to achieve a longitudinal view of the interaction pattern of each project. Social network analysis was used to generate the indices of social structure."

no pdf},
	month = {Apr-Jun},
	pages = {25-40},
	abstract = {Drawing on social network theories and previous studies, this research examines the dynamics of social network structures in open source software (OSS) teams. Three projects were selected from SourceForge.net in terms of their similarities as well as their differences. Monthly data were extracted from the bug tracking systems in order to achieve a longitudinal view of the interaction pattern of each project. Social network analysis was used to generate the indices of social structure. The finding suggests that the interaction pattern of OSS projects evolves from a single hub at the beginning to a corel periphery model as the projects move forward.},
	keywords = {bug tracking, bugs, COMMUNITY, INNOVATION, longitudinal study, MODEL, open source, social, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge, structure},
	isbn = {1063-8016},
	author = {Long, Y. and Siau, K.}
}
@conference {1226,
	title = {Understanding the KDE Social Structure through Mining of Email Archive},
	booktitle = {2nd Workshop on Public Data about Software Development (WoPDaSD 2007)},
	year = {2007},
	note = {"Our data source is constituted by e-mails sent to KDE mailing-lists and archived by MARC"

"Two problems quickly arise: neither the e-mails addresses nor the names can be considered unique. Consequently, we used an in-depth search algorithm to put together {\textquotedblleft}name-email{\textquotedblright} couples corresponding to a same contributor. Indeed, the algorithm suggests possible merges."

"There is a specific mailing list in our data set, kde-commit, which gathers automatic notifications from the revision control system (RCS)....We measure {\textquotedblleft}commit{\textquotedblright} by the number of messages sent to the {\textquotedblleft}kde-commit{\textquotedblright} mailing list. However, we did not count {\textquotedblleft}silent{\textquotedblright} commits, nor usual messages sent to this mailing list."

"We measured activities done in BTS in two ways: {\textquotedblleft}bug opener{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}non bug opener{\textquotedblright}.	First, we counted the number of modifications done by the contributor who opened the concerned bug report. "
},
	abstract = {In order to achieve a better understanding of FLOSS social structure, we need a definition of social position. From a theoretical perspective, we propose to think the participation as a trajectory. Empirically, we use optimal matching to build a typology of participation trajectories based on KDE email archives. We show how these trajectories structure the community as a whole by combining these results with a social network analysis.},
	keywords = {bug tracking system, bugzilla, commit, email, email archive, kde, mailing list, participation, revision control, social network analysis},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/wopdasd_studer_et_all_full.pdf},
	author = {Studer, Matthias and M{\"u}ller, Beno{\^\i}t and Ritschard, Gilbert}
}
@article {120,
	title = {Applying Social Network Analysis Techniques to Community-Driven Libre Software Projects},
	journal = {International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {Source code management repositories of large, long-lived libre (free, open source) software projects can be a source of valuable data about the organizational structure, evolution, and knowledge exchange in the corresponding development communities. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of the available information renders it almost unusable without applying methodologies which highlight the relevant information for a given aspect of the project. Such methodology is proposed in this article, based on well known concepts from the social networks analysis field, which can be used to study the relationships among developers and how they collaborate in different parts of a project. It is also applied to data mined from some well known projects (Apache, GNOME, and KDE), focusing on the characterization of their collaboration network architecture. These cases help to understand the potentials of the methodology and how it is applied, but also shows some relevant results which open new paths in the understanding of the informal organization of libre software development communities.},
	keywords = {apache, conway{\textquoteright}s law, cvs, gnome, kde, scm, social network analysis, source code},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/06_Lopez_ijitwe_sna.pdf},
	author = {L{\'o}pez-Fern{\'a}ndez, L. and Gregorio Robles and Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona and Herraiz, I.}
}
@conference {683,
	title = {Communication Networks in an Open Source Software Project},
	booktitle = {OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing },
	volume = {203/2006},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {297 - 306},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {This study explores the nature of the social network and the patterns of communication that exist in an open source software development project, the Apache HTTP (WEB) server project. Our analysis of archival data on email communications between developers in the Apache HTTP server project suggests an interesting pattern of communication. We find that the core developers self-organize into three sub-groups that communicate intensely in completing the project. Our analysis also reveals that a few prominent developers who are centrally located in the network are driving communications within the project. We identify the implications of our findings and suggest areas for further research.
},
	keywords = {apache, core, developers, email, email archive, mailing list, participation, social network analysis},
	issn = {978-0-387-34225-2},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34226-5_30},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Communication\%20Networks\%20in\%20an\%20Open\%20Source.pdf},
	author = {Roberts, Jeffrey and Il-Horn Hann and Sandra Slaughter}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Core and periphery in Free/Libre and Open Source software team communications},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 06},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {The concept of the core group of developers is important and often discussed in empirical studies of FLOSS projects. This paper examines the question, "how does one empirically distinguish the core?" Being able to identify the core members of a FLOSS development project is important because many of the processes necessary for successful projects likely involve core members differently than peripheral members, so analyses that mix the two groups will likely yield invalid results. 

We compare 3 analysis approaches to identify the core: the named list of developers, a Bradford{\textquoteright}s law analysis that takes as the core the most frequent contributors and a social network analysis of the interaction pattern that identifies the core in a core-and-periphery structure. We apply these measures to the interactions around bug fixing for 116 SourceForge projects. The 3 techniques identify different individuals as core members; examination of which individuals are identified leads to suggestions for refining the measures. All 3 measures though suggest that the core of FLOSS projects is a small fraction of the total number of contributors.},
	keywords = {bug fixing, contributions, contributors, core, developers, social network analysis, sourceforge, team},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Kangning Wei and Li, Qing and Howison, James}
}
@article {Crowston:2006a,
	title = {Hierarchy and centralization in Free and Open Source Software team communications},
	journal = {Knowledge, Technology \& Policy},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {65{\textendash}85},
	abstract = {Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams provide an interesting and convenient setting for studying distributed work. We begin by answering perhaps the most basic question: what is the social structure of these teams? Based on a social network analysis of interactions represented in 62,110 bug reports from 122 large and active projects, we find that some OSS teams are highly centralized, but contrary to expectation, others are not. Projects are mostly quite hierarchical on four measures of hierarchy, consistent with past research but contrary to the popular image of these projects. Furthermore, we find that the level of centralization is negatively correlated with project size, suggesting that larger projects become more modular. The paper makes a further methodological contribution by identifying appropriate analysis approaches for interaction data. We conclude by sketching directions for future research.},
	keywords = {apache, bug fixing, bug tracking, FLOSS, project success, savannah, social network analysis, sourceforge, team size, teams},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/CrowstonHierarchyAndCentralization.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Howison, James}
}
@article {flosswp325,
	title = {Identifying Knowledge Brokers that Yield Software Engineering Knowledge in OSS Projects},
	journal = {Information and Software Technology},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Uses the Debian mailing lists "kde", "mentor", and "user". 
the collection period was from January 2001 to September 2004},
	month = {11/2006},
	pages = {1025-1033},
	abstract = {Much research on open source software development concentrates on developer lists and other software repositories to investigate what motivates professional software developers to participate in open source software projects. Little attention has been paid to individuals who spend valuable time in lists helping participants on some mundane yet vital project activities. Using three Debian lists as a case study we investigate the impact of knowledge brokers and their associated activities in open source projects. Social network analysis was used to visualize how participants are affiliated with the lists. The network topology reveals substantial community participation. The consequence of collaborating in mundane activities for the success of open source software projects is discussed. The direct beneficiaries of this research are in the identification of knowledge experts in open source software projects.},
	keywords = {debian, email, email archives, expertise, knowledge sharing, mailing list, project success, social network analysis},
	doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2005.12.019},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/IST-Vol-48-11-2006.pdf},
	author = {Sowe, Sulayman K. and Ioannis Stamelos and Lefteris Angelis}
}
@conference {693,
	title = {Impact of Social Ties on Open Source Project Team Formation},
	booktitle = {OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing },
	volume = {203/2006},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"we randomly selected 1030 new projects that were registered between X and X in 2005. A web crawler downloaded the HTML files containing project summary data and developer information on the date of registration."},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {307 - 317},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {In this paper, we empirically examined the role of social ties in OSSD team formation and developer joining behavior. We find that the existence and the amount of prior social relations in the network do increase the probability of an OSS project to attract more developers. Interestingly, for projects without preexisting social ties, developers tend to join the project initiated by people with less OSSD experience. This research fills a gap in the open source literature by conducting an empirical investigation of the role of social relations on project team formation behavior. Furthermore, the adoption of social network analysis, which has received little attention in the OSS literature, can yield some interesting results on the interactions among OSS developers.
},
	keywords = {developers, metadata, social network analysis, sourceforge},
	issn = {978-0-387-34225-2},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34226-5_31},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Impact\%20of\%20Social\%20Ties\%20on\%20Open\%20Source\%20Project.pdf},
	author = {Hahn, Jungpil and Moon, Jae and Zhang, Chen}
}
@conference {Bird:2006:MES:1137983.1138033,
	title = {Mining email social networks in Postgres},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Mining software repositories},
	series = {MSR {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {185{\textendash}186},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) projects provide a unique opportunity to gather and analyze publicly available historical data. The Postgres SQL server, for example, has over seven years of recorded development and communication activity. We mined data from both the source code repository and the mailing list archives to examine the relationship between communication and development in Postgres. Along the way, we had to deal with the difficult challenge of resolving email aliases. We used a number of social network analysis measures and statistical techniques to analyze this data. We present our findings in this paper.},
	keywords = {developers, email, email archives, open source, postgresql, scm, social network analysis, social networks, source code, status},
	isbn = {1-59593-397-2},
	doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1137983.1138033},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1137983.1138033},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/185MiningEmail.pdf},
	author = {Christian Bird and Gourley, Alex and Devanbu, Prem and Gertz, Michael and Swaminathan, Anand}
}
@article {1088,
	title = {Self-Organization Patterns in Wasp and Open Source Communities},
	journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"To investigate such claims, we studied an OSS community{\textquoteright}s social network from a dataset describing the email activity of 120 different software teams"
"Our test data originated from Sourceforge (http://sourceforge.net), a large open source project repository, and included communi- ties ranging from very small networks with one or two members to large networks with thousands of members."
"we limited our consideration to email traffic associated with bug fixes and bug reporting. As other researchers have shown[5] this email subset allows an effective reconstruction of the software community{\textquoteright}s social network."
"We thank Kevin Crowston and James Howison for making their software data publicly available."},
	month = {03/2006},
	pages = {36 - 40},
	abstract = {In this paper, we conducted a comparative study of how social organization takes place in a wasp colony and OSS developer communities. Both these systems display similar global organization patterns, such as hierarchies and clear labor divisions. As our analysis shows, both systems also define interacting agent networks with similar common features that reflect limited information sharing among agents. As far as we know, this is the first research study analyzing the patterns and functional significance of these systems{\textquoteright} weighted-interaction networks. By illuminating the extent to which self-organization is responsible for patterns such as hierarchical structure, we can gain insight into the origins of organization in OSS communities.},
	keywords = {agents, decentralization, developers, email, email archives, flossmole, hierarchy, labor division, organization, self-organizing teams, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge, teams, wasps},
	issn = {1541-1672},
	doi = {10.1109/MIS.2006.34},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.95.5574\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/valverde.pdf},
	author = {Valverde, S. and Theraulaz, G. and Gautrais, J. and Fourcassie, V. and Sole, R.V.}
}
@conference {708,
	title = {Social dynamics of free and open source team communications},
	booktitle = {OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing },
	volume = {203/2006},
	year = {2006},
	month = {06/2006},
	pages = {319 - 330},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {This paper furthers inquiry into the social structure of free and open source software (FLOSS) teams by undertaking social network analysis across time. Contrary to expectations, we confirmed earlier findings of a wide distribution of centralizations even when examining the networks over time. The paper also provides empirical evidence that while change at the center of FLOSS projects is relatively uncommon, participation across the project communities is highly skewed, with many participants appearing for only one period. Surprisingly, large project teams are not more likely to undergo change at their centers.
},
	keywords = {bug fixing, bug reports, bug tracker, bug tracking, bugs, communications, Dynamic social networks, FLOSS teams, Human Factors, social network analysis, software development, sourceforge},
	issn = {978-0-387-34225-2},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34226-5_32},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Social\%20dynamics\%20of\%20free\%20and\%20open\%20source\%20team.pdf},
	author = {Howison, James and Inoue, Keisuke and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {1090,
	title = {A Topological Analysis of the Open Souce Software Development Community},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"We extracted data from a 2003 data dump obtained from SourceForge. "
roles},
	pages = {1-10},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Big Island, HI, USA},
	abstract = {The fast growth of OSS has increased the interest in studying the composition of the OSS community and its collaboration mechanisms. Moreover, the success of a project may be related to the underlying social structure of the OSS development community. In this paper, we perform a quantitative analysis of Open Source Software developers by studying the entire development community at SourceForge [26]. Statistics and social network properties are explored to find collaborations and the effects of different members in the OSS development community. Small world phenomenon and scale free behaviors are found in the SourceForge development network. These topological properties may potentially explain the success and efficiency of OSS development practices. We also infer from our analysis that weakly associated but contributing co-developers and active users may be an important factor in OSS development.},
	keywords = {contributors, developers, roles, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge, srda, users},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2005.57},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.132.6830\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/xuGao.pdf},
	author = {Jin Xu and Gao, Yongqin and Christley, S. and Madey, G.}
}
@conference {717,
	title = {A Social Network Approach To Free/Open Source Software Simulation},
	booktitle = {OSS2005: Open Source Systems },
	year = {2005},
	note = {"Second, we use mailing list archives for three different projects. This gives us a more stringent network measure, since links are generated only when one developer communicates directly with another."
 
"The mailing lists were the developers list from a well deployed database server, the general list for an text and file processing library, and the general list for a smaller F/OSS web browser."},
	pages = {16-23},
	abstract = {Free and Open Source Software (F/OSS) development is a complex process that is just beginning to be understood. The actual development process is frequently characterized as disparate volunteer developers collaborating to create a piece of software. The developers of F/OSS, like most software engineers, spend a significant portion of their time fostering collaboration through various channels social communication. We have analyzed several methods of communication; a social networking site, project mailing lists, and developer weblogs; to gain an understanding of the social network structure behind F/OSS projects. This social network data was used to create a model of F/OSS development that allows for multiple projects, users, and developers with varying goals and socialization methods. Using this model we have been able to replicate some of the known phenomena observed in F/OSS and provide a first step in the creation of a robust model of F/OSS. },
	keywords = {email, mailing list, social network analysis},
	doi = {10.1.1.178.4984},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.178.4984},
	author = {Wagstrom, Patrick Adam and Herbsleb, James and Carley, Kathleen}
}
@conference {77,
	title = {Do the Rich Get Richer? The Impact of Power Laws on Open Source Development Projects},
	booktitle = {2004 Open Source Conference (OSCON)},
	year = {2004},
	type = {conference presentation},
	address = {Portland, OR, USA},
	keywords = {open source, power law, social network analysis, sourceforge},
	author = {Conklin, Megan}
}
@proceedings {124,
	title = {Membership dynamics and network stability in the open-source community: the ising perspective},
	year = {2004},
	note = {"simulations with the empirical network data that were collected from two actual OSS communities, Linux and Hypermail."

"we initially downloaded nearly 100,000 archived (between 1997 and 2003) LINUX Kernel and Hypermail newsgroup messages posted in a UNIX mailbox format"

"Specific information was obtained regarding the characteristics of these two OSS communities, including the size, the number of average connections per participant, and the hierarchy of each community."},
	abstract = {In this paper, we address the following two questions: (1)How does a participant{\textquoteright}s membership decision affect the others (neighbors) with whom he has collaborated over an extended period of time in an open source software (OSS) network? (2) To what extent do network characteristics (i.e, size and connectivity) mediate the impact of external factors on the OSS participants{\textquoteright} dynamic membership decisions and hence the stability of the network? From the Ising perspective, we present fresh theoretical insight into the dynamic and reciprocal membership relations between OSS participants. We also performed simulations based on empirical data that were collected from two actual OSS communities. Some of the key findings include that (1) membership herding is highly present when the external force is weak, but decreases significantly when the force increases, (2) the propensity for membership herding is most likely to be seen in a large network with a random connectivity, and (3) for large networks, at low external force a random connectivity will perform better than a scale-free counterpart in terms of the network strength. However, as the temperature (external force) increases, the reverse phenomenon is observed. In addition, the scale-free connectivity appears to be less volatile than with the random connectivity in response to the increase in the temperature. We conclude with several implications that may be of significance to OSS stakeholders.},
	keywords = {email, email archive, hypermail, linux, mailing list, membership, membership herding, newsgroup, open source, participants, social network analysis, stakeholders, team size},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/OhJeon.pdf},
	author = {Oh, Wonseok and Jeon, Sangyong}
}
@article {flosswp122,
	title = {Managing the Boundary of an {\textquoteright}Open{\textquoteright} Project},
	year = {2003},
	month = {October},
	abstract = {In the past ten years, the boundaries between public and open science and commercial research efforts have become more porous. Scholars have thus more critically examined ways in which these two institutional regimes intersect. Large open source software projects have also attracted commercial collaborators and now struggle to develop code in an open public environment that still protects their communal boundaries. This research applies a dynamic social network approach to understand how one community managed software project, Debian, develops a membership process. We examine the project{\textquoteright}s face-to-face social network during a five-year period (1997-2001) to see how changes in the social structure affect the evolution of membership mechanisms and the determination of gatekeepers. While the amount and importance of a contributor{\textquoteright}s work increases the probability that a contributor will become a gatekeeper, those more central in the social network are more likely to become gatekeepers and influence the membership process. A greater understanding of the mechanisms open projects use to manage their boundaries has critical implications for research and knowledge producing communities operating in pluralistic, open and distributed environments.},
	keywords = {debian, membership, social network analysis},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/omahonyferraro.pdf},
	author = {Siobhan O{\textquoteright}Mahony}
}
@inbook {Madey_Freeh_Tynan_2002,
	title = {The open source software development phenomenon: An analysis based on social network theory},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1806{\textendash}1813},
	abstract = {The OSS movement is a phenomenon that challenges many traditional theories in economics, software engineering, business strategy, and IT management. Thousands of software programmers are spending tremendous amounts of time and effort writing and debugging software, most often with no direct monetary compensation. The programs, some of which are extremely large and complex, are written without the benefit of traditional project management, change tracking, or error checking techniques. Since the programmers are working outside of a traditional organizational reward structure, accountability is an issue as well. A significant portion of internet e-commerce runs on OSS, and thus many firms have little choice but to trust mission-critical e-commerce systems to run on such software, requiring IT management to deal with new types of socio-technical problems. A better understanding of how the OSS community functions may help IT planners make more informed decisions and develop more effective strategies for using OSS software. We hypothesize that open source software development can be modeled as self-organizing, collaboration, social networks. We analyze structural data on over 39,000 open source projects hosted at SourceForge.net involving over 33,000 developers. We define two software developers to be connected part of a collaboration social network if they are members of the same project, or are connected by a chain of connected developers. Project sizes, developer project participation, and clusters of connected developers are analyzed. We find evidence to support our hypothesis, primarily in the presence of power-law relationships on project sizes (number of developers per project), project membership (number of projects joined by a developer), and cluster sizes. Potential implications for IT researchers, IT managers, and governmental policy makers are discussed.},
	keywords = {developers, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge},
	url = {http://ais.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606\&context=amcis2002},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/MadeyFreehAmcis2002.pdf},
	author = {Madey, G. and Freeh, V and Tynan, R}
}
@conference {Madey02understandingoss,
	title = {Understanding oss as a self-organizing process},
	booktitle = {In The 2nd Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering at the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE2002},
	year = {2002},
	abstract = {We hypothesize that open source software development can be modeled as self-organizing, collaboration, social networks. We analyze structural data on over 39,000 open source projects hosted at SourceForge.net. We define two software developers to be connected {\textemdash} part of a collaboration social network {\textemdash} if they are members of the same project, or are connected by a chain of connected developers. Project sizes, developer project participation, and clusters of connected developers are analyzed. We find evidence to support our hypothesis, primarily in the presence of power-law relationships on project sizes (number of developers per project), project membership (number of projects joined by a developer), and cluster sizes.},
	keywords = {developers, size, social network analysis, social networks, sourceforge},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/MadeyFreehTynan.pdf},
	author = {Madey, G. and Freeh, V and Tynan, R}
}
