@proceedings {1914,
	title = {Practices and Perceptions of UML Use in Open Source Projects},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {203-212},
	abstract = {Context: Open Source is getting more and more
collaborative with industry. At the same time, modeling is today
playing a crucial role in development of, e.g., safety critical
software. Goal: However, there is a lack of research about the
use of modeling in Open Source. Our goal is to shed some
light into the motivation and benefits of the use of modeling
and its use within project teams. Method: In this study, we
perform a survey among Open Source developers. We focus on
projects that use the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a
representative for software modeling. Results: We received 485
answers of contributors of 458 different Open Source projects.
Conclusion: Collaboration seems to be the most important
motivation for using UML. It benefits new contributors and
contributors who do not create models. Teams use UML during
communication and planning of joint implementation efforts.},
	keywords = {architecture documentation, communication, effectiveness of UML, github, MOTIVATION, UML},
	author = {Truong Ho-Quang and Hebig, Regina and Gregorio Robles and Chaudron, Michel R. V. and Miguel Angel Fernandez}
}
@proceedings {1918,
	title = {Using Gamification to Orient and Motivate Students to Contribute to OSS Projects},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {36-42},
	abstract = {Students can benefit from contributing to Open Source Software (OSS), since they can enrich their portfolio and learn with real world projects. However, sometimes students are demotivated to contribute due to entrance barriers. On the other hand, gamification is widely used to engage and motivate people to accomplish tasks and improve their performance. The goal of this work is to analyze the use of gamification to orient and motivate undergraduate students to overcome onboarding barriers and engage to OSS projects. To achieve this goal, we implemented four gaming elements (Quests, Points, Ranking, and Levels) in GitLab and assessed the environment by means of a study conducted with 17 students within a real OSS project (JabRed). At the end of the study, the students evaluated their experience through a questionnaire. We found that the Quest element helped to guide participants and keep them motivated and points helped by providing feedback on students{\textquoteright} performed tasks. We conclude that the gamified environment oriented the students in an attempt to make a contribution and that gamification can motivate and orient newcomers{\textquoteright} to engage to OSS projects. },
	keywords = {engagement, gamification, MOTIVATION, newcomers, students},
	author = {Guilherme C. Diniz and Marco A. Graciotto Silva and Marco Gerosa and Steinmacher, Igor}
}
@proceedings {1445,
	title = {Emerging Hackerspaces {\textendash} Peer-Production Generation},
	volume = {378},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {94-111},
	publisher = {IFIP AICT},
	abstract = {This paper describes a peer-production movement, the hackerspace movement, its members and values. The emergence of hackerspaces, fablabs and makerspaces is changing how hacker communities and other like-minded communities function. Thus, an understanding of the nature of hackerspaces helps in detailing the features of contemporary peer-production. Building on previous work on {\textquoteright}fabbing{\textquoteright}, two different sets of results are presented: (1) empirical observations from a longitudinal study of hackerspace participants; and (2) a theoretical description of hacker generations as a larger context in which peer-production can be located. With regard to (1), research data has been collected through prolonged observation of hackerspace communities and two surveys.},
	keywords = {COMMUNITY, fabbing, fablab, hackerspace, makerspace, MOTIVATION, movement, open source, peer-production, Survey, sustainability},
	author = {Moilanen, Jarkko}
}
@article {1134,
	title = {A Fistful of Dollars: Financial Rewards, Payment Norms, and Motivation Crowding in Open Source Software Development},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	institution = {ssrn},
	address = {ssrn},
	abstract = {Existing literature on open source software (OSS) maintains that intrinsic motivation and extrinsic financial rewards have a unidimensionally positive effect on the motivation of individual developers. Based on self-determination theory, which underlies most of these studies, we challenge this assumption. We argue that the effect of payment on both intrinsic motivation and total motivation of OSS developers is far more complex. To illustrate our point, we introduce the concept of individuals{\textquoteright} norms about payment to the field of OSS. In doing so, we are able to show that payment norms moderate the effect of payment on intrinsic motivation and total motivation. Conducting a scenario experiment, we find that intrinsic motivation decreases for individuals with norms against payment. This effect becomes even stronger when analyzing for mediation effects. Total motivation is impacted positively by payment, but the effect turns insignificant for individuals with norms for payment. Our findings help explain the results of previous studies in which OSS developers did not seem to be affected by motivation crowding. They further contribute to the more general debate on how to manage individuals in the absence of formal contracts. From a practical perspective, we show that financial rewards may create a management dilemma for OSS project leaders. },
	keywords = {developers, experiment, financial, MOTIVATION},
	author = {Oliver Alexy and Martin Leitner}
}
@article {1118,
	title = {Monetary donations to an open source software platform},
	journal = {Research Policy},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2009},
	month = {03/2009},
	pages = {404 - 414},
	abstract = {Online open source software platforms, such as Sourceforge.net, play a vital role in creating an ecosystem that enables the creation and growth of open source projects. However, there is little research exploring the interactions between open source stakeholders and the platform. We believe that the sustainability of the platform crucially depends on financial incentives. While platforms can obtain these incentives through multiple means, in this paper we focus on one form of financial incentives{\textemdash}voluntary monetary donations by open source community members. We report findings from two empirical studies that examine factors that impact donations. Study 1 investigates the factors that cause some community members to donate and not others. We find that the decision to donate is impacted by relational commitment with open source software platform, donation to projects and accepting donations from others. Study 2 examines what drives the level of donation. We find that the length of association with the platform and relational commitment affects donation levels.},
	keywords = {Collective action, Donation, Identification, incentives, metadata, MOTIVATION, Open source software platform, projects, Reciprocity, Relational commitment, sourceforge},
	issn = {00487333},
	doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.004},
	author = {Sandeep Krishnamurthy and Tripathi, Arvind K.}
}
@article {Xu2009151,
	title = {Volunteers{\textquoteright} involvement in online community based software development},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"Data were collected through an online survey and by searching project archives. On Sourceforge.net, each developer was uniquely identified with a user account, and the developer{\textquoteright}s performance was assessed through the number of function points accepted by the project in a certain time period, obtained through conversion and calculation from the project{\textquoteright}s code repository. Data for other constructs were obtained from the developers{\textquoteright} response to the online survey. "
"a developer{\textquoteright}s performance was measured by the number of function points made and accepted into the project during the observed time period."

project age, development status, license type, number of developers},
	pages = {151 - 158},
	abstract = {We sought to gain understanding of voluntary developers{\textquoteright} involvement in open source software (OSS) projects. Data were collected from voluntary developers working on open source projects. Our findings indicated that a voluntary developer{\textquoteright}s involvement was very important to his or her performance and that involvement was dependent on individual motivations (personal software needs, reputation and skills gaining expectation, enjoyment in open source coding) and project community factors (leadership effectiveness, interpersonal relationship, community ideology). Our work contributes theoretically and empirically to the body of OSS research and has practical implications for OSS project management.},
	keywords = {age, developers, effectiveness, function points, ideology, leadership, MOTIVATION, scm, sourceforge, status, Survey, team size, Volunteers},
	issn = {0378-7206},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2008.12.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VD0-4VP1CN0-1/2/8e1c7be4fcedd1419209c5c843ffa923},
	author = {Bo Xu and Donald R. Jones and Bingjia Shao}
}
@article {499,
	title = {The Material and Social Dynamics of Motivation: Contributions to Open Source Language Technology Development},
	journal = {Science Studies},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {"I conducted a two-phased qualitative analysis on multiple data (thematic phone-inter- views, notes from OpenOffice.org conference 2004 meetings, historical documents, mailing list discussions, homepages, Google, blogs, real-time video and audio presentations from OpenOffice.org conference 2005)."},
	abstract = {Volunteer motivation has been a central theme in Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) literature. This research has been largely dominated by economists who rely in their surveys on the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and the "hacker ethic" for profit juxtaposition. The paper argues that survey-based analytical frameworks and research designs have led to a focus on some motivational attributions at the expense of others. It then presents a case study that explores dynamic, non individualistic and content-sensitive aspects of motivations. The approach is based on socio-cultural psychology and the author{\textquoteright}s observations of a hybrid firm-community FLOSS project, OpenOffice.org. Instead of separating intrinsic motivations from extrinsic ones, it is argued that complex and changing patterns of motivations are tied to changing objects and personal histories prior to and during participation. The boundary between work and hobby in an individual{\textquoteright}s participation path is blurred and shifting.},
	keywords = {contributions, developers, email, email archives, mailing list, MOTIVATION, openoffice, openoffice.org, secondary data, Volunteers},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Freeman.pdf},
	author = {Stephanie Freeman}
}
@article {125,
	title = {Membership herding and network stability in the open source community: The Ising perspective},
	journal = {Management Science},
	volume = {53},
	number = {7},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {1086-1101},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to conceptually understand membership dynamics in the open source software (OSS) community, and (2) to explore how different network characteristics (i.e., network size and connectivity) influence the stability of an OSS network. Through the lens of Ising theory, which is widely accepted in physics, we investigate basic patterns of interaction and present fresh conceptual insight into dynamic and reciprocal relations among OSS community members. We also perform computer simulations based on empirical data collected from two actual OSS communities. Key findings include: (1) membership herding is highly present when external influences (e.g., the availability of other OSS projects) are weak, but decreases significantly when external influences increase, (2) propensity for membership herding is most likely to be seen in a large network with random connectivity, and (3) for large networks, when external influences are weak, random connectivity will result in higher network strength than scale-free connectivity (as external influences increase, however, the reverse phenomenon is observed). In addition, scale-free connectivity appears to be less volatile than random connectivity in response to an increase in the strength of external influences. We conclude with several implications that may be of significance to OSS stakeholders in particular, and to a broader range of online communities in general.},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS, INNOVATION, INVESTMENT, Ising theory, membership herding, MODEL, MOTIVATION, network connectivity, network stability, open source, PHASE-TRANSITION, UNCERTAINTY},
	isbn = {0025-1909},
	author = {Oh, Wonseok and Jeon, Sangyong}
}
@article {springerlink:10.1007/s10368-007-0086-4,
	title = {Open source software: Motivation and restrictive licensing},
	journal = {International Economics and Economic Policy},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2007},
	note = {"We employ a unique data set consisting of 71 open source projects hosted at the SourceForge web site. The 71 projects in the sample were chosen (in January 2000)"
"This sample was observed over an 18-month period from January 2002 through the middle of 2003, with data collected at 2-month intervals."
"We are grateful to NERA for providing us with the data."
"Although we only have data on a relatively small sample of the projects hosted SourceForge, the sample is unique because of data on lines of code as well as data on different versions of the program. The latter is a potentially important control variable, since a change in version may necessitate additional lines of code.
Our data set contains information on the size of the open source projects in the form of source lines of code (SLOC). Using SLOC as a performance measure is not always ideal; nevertheless, this performance measure is employed in the profession and the literature.15 For our purposes, SLOC is in fact an ideal measure, because we want to measure the effort that is put into the project, rather than whether a project succeeds."
},
	pages = {209-225},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is an economic paradox. Development of open source software is often done by unpaid volunteers and the source code is typically freely available. Surveys suggest that status, signaling, and intrinsic motivations play an important role in inducing developers to invest effort. Contribution to an OSS project is rewarded by adding one{\textquoteright}s name to the list of contributors which is publicly observable. Such incentives imply that programmers may have little incentive to contribute beyond the threshold level required for being listed as a contributor. Using a unique data set we empirically examine this hypothesis. We find that the output per contributor in open source projects is much higher when licenses are less restrictive and more commercially oriented. These results indeed suggest a status, signaling, or intrinsic motivation for participation in OSS projects with restrictive licenses.},
	keywords = {contributions, contributors, developers, incentives, license analysis, licenses, lines of code, loc, MOTIVATION, restrictive, scm, size, status, version history},
	issn = {1612-4804},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-007-0086-4},
	author = {Fershtman, Chaim and Gandal, Neil}
}
@article {1124,
	title = {Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Software Development},
	journal = {Management Science},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"Data from three primary sources informed this research (Table 1). All data were collected in 2001{\textendash}2002."
Online project documentation: All publicly available project descriptions, charters, bylaws, meeting minutes, etc.
Mailing lists: Over 2,000 messages read over a three-month period prior to interviews
Interviews 
"Ireadallpostingstoproject-specific and general mailing lists for both communities for a three-month period preceding the interviews. Over 2,000 messages were posted during this period. Read- ing these messages allowed me to gain familiarity with the technology..."},
	month = {07/2006},
	pages = {1000 - 1014},
	abstract = {Open source software projects rely on the voluntary efforts of thousands of software developers, yet we know little about why developers choose to participate in this collective development process. This paper inductively derives a framework for understanding participation from the perspective of the individual software developer based on data from two software communities with different governance structures.

In both communities, a need for software-related improvements drives initial participation. The majority of participants leave the community once their needs are met, however, a small subset remains involved. For this set of developers, motives evolve over time and participation becomes a hobby. These hobbyists are critical to the long-term viability of the software code: They take on tasks that might otherwise go undone and work to maintain the simplicity and modularity of the code. Governance structures affect this evolution of motives. Implications for firms interested in implementing hybrid strategies designed to combine the advantages of open source software development with proprietary ownership and control are discussed.},
	keywords = {email, email archives, governance, INNOVATION, interview, mailing list, MOTIVATION, open source software development, Volunteers},
	issn = {1526-5501},
	doi = {10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553},
	url = {http://faculty.washington.edu/skshah/Shah\%20-\%20Motivation,\%20Governance,\%20Hybrid\%20Forms.pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Shah\%20-\%20Motivation\%2C\%20Governance\%2C\%20Hybrid\%20Forms.pdf},
	author = {Shah, Sonali K.}
}
@article {1122,
	title = {Understanding the Motivations, Participation, and Performance of Open Source Software Developers: A Longitudinal Study of the Apache Projects},
	journal = {Management Science},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2006},
	note = {"analyzing archival data collected from OSS project records over a period of four years"
"Apart from the source and binary codes of the actual software programs, Apache products include developer websites, change logs, documentation, and developer communications in the form of e-mail archives. From these products, we extracted two types of information: each contributor{\textquoteright}s progression along the Apache career path, and each contributor{\textquoteright}s source code contributions to the project."},
	month = {07/2006},
	pages = {984 - 999},
	abstract = {Understanding what motivates participation is a central theme in the research on open source software (OSS) development. Our study contributes by revealing how the different motivations of OSS developers are interrelated, how these motivations influence participation leading to performance, and how past performance influences subsequent motivations. Drawing on theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, we develop a theoretical model relating the motivations, participation, and performance of OSS developers. We evaluate our model using survey and archival data collected from a longitudinal field study of software developers in the Apache projects. Our results reveal several important findings. First, we find that developers{\textquoteright} motivations are not independent but rather are related in complex ways. Being paid to contribute to Apache projects is positively related to developers{\textquoteright} status motivations but negatively related to their use-value motivations. Perhaps surprisingly, we find no evidence of diminished intrinsic motivation in the presence of extrinsic motivations; rather, status motivations enhance intrinsic motivations. Second, we find that different motivations have an impact on participation in different ways. Developers{\textquoteright} paid participation and status motivations lead to above-average contribution levels, but use-value motivations lead to below-average contribution levels, and intrinsic motivations do not significantly impact average contribution levels. Third, we find that developers{\textquoteright} contribution levels positively impact their performance rankings. Finally, our results suggest that past-performance rankings enhance developers{\textquoteright} subsequent status motivations.},
	keywords = {apache, change logs, contributions, email, email archives, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, mailing lists, MOTIVATION, open source software, participation, software development performance, source code, status, Survey},
	issn = {1526-5501},
	doi = {10.1287/mnsc.1060.0554},
	author = {Roberts, Jeffrey A. and Il-Horn Hann and Slaughter, Sandra A.}
}
@conference {792,
	title = {Experiences teaching a graduate course in Open Source Software Engineering},
	booktitle = {OSS2005: Open Source Systems },
	year = {2005},
	pages = {326-328},
	abstract = {This paper describes the early experiences of a graduate course in open source software engineering at the Department of Computer Science at the University Victoria. It includes a description of the motivation for the course, its structure and evaluation methods. It concludes with a discussion of the lessons learned and its future.},
	keywords = {course, FOSS, MOTIVATION, open source, open source software engineering},
	url = {http://pascal.case.unibz.it/handle/2038/971},
	author = {Daniel M. German}
}
@conference {783,
	title = {Unreliable Collaborators: Coordination in distributed volunteer teams},
	booktitle = {OSS2005: Open Source Systems },
	year = {2005},
	pages = {305-306},
	abstract = {Drawing together the interest, skills and resources of individuals to pursue productive activity is the cornerstone of wealth creation. Recently, new forms of productive activity have emerged that draw together highly motivated, often volunteer, participants to collaborate through low-cost information systems to produce high quality products that rival those produced by wealthy firms and markets. Examples include free (libr{\^A}{\textasciiacute}e) and open source software (FLOSS), such as Linux, and collaboratively edited texts, such as Wikipedia and the Open Directory. There is an opportunity to study these novel activities, to understand their organization, in order to both further their continued success and to assess whether and which of their novel organization techniques might be used in wider domains of human collaborative activity.},
	keywords = {coordination, floss organization, MOTIVATION, open source, volunteer teams},
	url = {http://pascal.case.unibz.it/handle/2038/1552},
	author = {Howison, James}
}
@article {116,
	title = {How open source software works: "free" user-to-user assistance},
	journal = {Research Policy},
	volume = {32},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	note = {"The empirical data we collected for study was related to postings to the Apache Usenet help forum, CIWS-U (comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix). "
"For data regarding long-term participation in CIWS-U{\textemdash}who participated, long-term trends, etc.{\textemdash}we examined Usenet posting patterns from 1996 to 1999."
"The Usenet log data was obtained from a World Wide Web service called Deja.com (since acquired by Google)"
survey},
	pages = {923-943},
	abstract = {Research into free and open source software development projects has so far largely focused on how the major tasks of software development are organized and motivated. But a complete project requires the execution of "mundane but necessary" tasks as well. In this paper, we explore how the mundane but necessary task of field support is organized in the case of Apache web server software, and why some project participants are motivated to provide this service gratis to others. We find that the Apache field support system functions effectively. We also find that, when we partition the help system into its component tasks, 98\% of the effort expended by information providers in fact returns direct learning benefits to those providers. This finding considerably reduces the puzzle of why information providers are willing to perform this task "for free." Implications are discussed.},
	keywords = {apache, help, logs, MOTIVATION, participants, Survey, usenet},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.110.8172\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/lakhani2003.pdf},
	author = {Karim R Lakhani and von Hippel, Eric}
}
@article {1251,
	title = {The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature},
	journal = {Review of Network Economics},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	month = {03/2002},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the recent literature on the economics of open source software. Two different sets of issues are addressed. The first looks at the incentives of programmers to participate in open source projects. The second considers the business models used by profit-making firms in the open source industry, and the effects on existing closed source firms. Some possible future research directions are also given.},
	keywords = {business, commercial software, incentives, MOTIVATION},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/schiff.pdf},
	author = {Schiff, A.}
}
@conference {1157,
	title = {Why Do Developers Contribute to Open Source Projects? First Evidence of Economic Incentives},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ICSE Workshop on Open Source},
	year = {2002},
	note = {"The data for this research come from two primary sources: Apache project archives and a targeted survey of Apache participants. Archival data are open source project artifacts such as email and source code archives, source code version control meta-data and developer web sites."},
	abstract = {The availability of commercial quality, free software products such as the Apache HTTP (web) server or the Linux operating system has focused significant attention on the open source development process by which these products were created. One of the more perplexing aspects of open source software projects is why developers freely devote their time and energy to these projects. While many open source participants cite idealistic motives for participation, Lerner and Tirole (2000) argue that developer participation in open source projects may, in part, be explained by existing economic theory regarding career concerns. This research seeks to confirm or disconfirm the existence of economic returns to participation in open source development. Preliminary results of our empirical investigation suggest that greater open source participation per se, as measured in contributions made, does not lead to wage increases. However, a higher status in a merit-based ranking within the Apache Project does lead to significantly higher wages. This suggests that employers do not reward the gain in experience through open source participation as an increase in human capital. The results are also consistent with the notion that a high rank within the Apache Software Foundation is a credible signal of the productive capacity of a programmer.},
	keywords = {apache, contributions, cvs, developers, ECONOMICS, email, email archives, financial, Human capital, mailing list, MOTIVATION, participation, source code, version control},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/HannRobertsSlaughterFielding.pdf},
	author = {Il-Horn Hann and Jeff Roberts and Sandra Slaughter and Roy Fielding}
}
@conference {1139,
	title = {Open Source Development: An Arthurian Legend},
	booktitle = {1st Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering at ICSE 2001},
	year = {2001},
	abstract = {OSSD (Open Source Software Development) achieves remarkable success in delivering complex software systems {\textendash} systems which are incredibly reliable and robust {\textendash} in a short amount of time and without even paying anyone! Naturally, in the face of this success, organizations are interested in seeing if the mechanisms behind OSSD success can be migrated into their own practices, hopefully improving their systems and their productivity.
In this paper, we look (lighthearted at first) at the motivations behind those involved in OSSD and describe the problems that need to be overcome if OSSD-type practices can be migrated into traditional organizations.},
	keywords = {commercial software, developers, MOTIVATION},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/cook.pdf},
	author = {Cook, J.}
}
@conference {1145,
	title = {Reputation Layers for Open-Source Development},
	booktitle = {1st Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering at ICSE 2001},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {currency, developers, MOTIVATION, reputation},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/masum.pdf},
	author = {Hasan Masum}
}
