@inbook {1735,
	title = {On the Availability and Effectiveness of Open Source Software for Digital Signing of PDF Documents},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {71-80},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Digital signatures are important in order to ensure the integrity and authenticity of information communicated over the Internet involving different stakeholders within and beyond the borders of different nations. The topic has gained increased interest in the European context and there is legislation and project initiatives aiming to facilitate use and standardisation of digital signatures. Open standards and open source implementations of open standards are important means for the interoperability and long-term maintenance of software systems implementing digital signatures. In this paper we report from a study aiming to establish the availability and effectiveness of software provided under an open source license for digital signing and validation of PDF documents. Specifically, we characterise the use of digital signatures in Swedish Governmental agencies, report on the interoperability of open source and proprietary licensed software for digital signatures in PDF documents, and establish the effectiveness of software provided under an open source license for validation of digital signatures in PDF documents.
},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_7},
	author = {Gamalielsson, Jonas and Jakobsson, Fredrik and Lundell, Bj{\"o}rn and Feist, Jonas and Gustavsson, Tomas and Landqvist, Fredric},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1730,
	title = {An Empirical Study of the Relation Between Strong Change Coupling and Defects Using History and Social Metrics in the Apache Aries Project},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3-12},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Change coupling is an implicit relationship observed when artifacts change together during software evolution. The literature leverages change coupling analysis for several purposes. For example, researchers discovered that change coupling is associated with software defects and reveals relationships between software artifacts that cannot be found by scanning code or documentation. In this paper, we empirically investigate the strongest change couplings from the Apache Aries project to characterize and identify their impact in software development. We used historical and social metrics collected from commits and issue reports to build classification models to identify strong change couplings. Historical metrics were used because change coupling is a phenomenon associated with recurrent co-changes found in the software history. In turn, social metrics were used because developers often interact with each other in issue trackers to accomplish the tasks. Our classification models showed high accuracy, with 70-99 \% F-measure and 88-99 \% AUC. Using the same set of metrics, we also predicted the number of future defects for the artifacts involved in strong change couplings. More specifically, we were able to predict 45.7 \% of defects where these strong change couplings reoccurred in the post-release. These findings suggest that developers and projects managers should detect and monitor strong change couplings, because they can be associated with defects and tend to happen again in the subsequent release.},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_1},
	author = {Wiese, Igor Scaliante and Kuroda, Rodrigo Takashi and Re, Reginaldo and Oliva, Gustavo Ansaldi and Gerosa, MarcoAur{\'e}lio},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1734,
	title = {Examining Usability Work and Culture in OSS},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {58-67},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Organizational culture has been recognized as an influential factor affecting the successes and failures of usability work in organizations; however, there is a lack of research on organizational culture in open source software (OSS) development. This paper shows that there are different kinds of cultures in OSS development projects and builds propositions on the relationship between culture and usability work in OSS development projects. Partly those are derived from the literature, partly from an exploratory empirical inquiry. We speculate whether there is an ideal culture type for usability work in OSS development or whether usability work should be modified to fit the different cultures of OSS development projects.
},
	keywords = {culture, empirical study, open source software, Usability},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_6},
	author = {Rajanen, Mikko and Iivari, Netta},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1741,
	title = {First Results About Motivation and Impact of License Changes in Open Source Projects},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {137-145},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Free and open source software is characterized by the freedoms and criteria that are warranted by specific licenses. These licenses describe the rights and duties of the licensors and licensees. However, a licensing change may be necessary in the life of an open source project to meet legal developments or to allow the implementation of new business models. This paper examines the motivations and impacts of license changes in open source projects. After a state of the art on the subject, a set of case studies where projects changed their license is presented. Then a set of motivations to change licenses, the ways to legally make this change, the problems caused by this change and a set of benefits of the license change are discussed.
},
	keywords = {Business model, Contributor agreement, intellectual property, license, open source},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_13},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_13},
	author = {Viseur, Robert and Gregorio Robles},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1732,
	title = {How Developers Acquire FLOSS Skills},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {23-32},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {With the increasing prominence of open collaboration as found in free/libre/open source software projects and other joint production communities, potential participants need to acquire skills. How these skills are learned has received little research attention. This article presents a large-scale survey (5,309 valid responses) in which users and developers of the beta release of a popular file download application were asked which learning styles were used to acquire technical and social skills. We find that the extent to which a person acquired the relevant skills through informal methods tends to be higher if the person is a free/libre/open source code contributor, while being a professional software developer does not have this effect. Additionally, younger participants proved more likely to make use of formal methods of learning. These insights will help individuals, commercial companies, educational institutions, governments and open collaborative projects decide how they promote learning.
},
	keywords = {competencies, Informal learning, Non-formal learning, open source, Skills, Software developer},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_3},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/oss-2015.pdf},
	author = {Barcomb, Ann and Grottke, Michael and Stauffert, Jan-Philipp and Dirk Riehle and Jahn, Sabrina},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1733,
	title = {Implicit Coordination: A Case Study of the Rails OSS Project},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {35-44},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Previous studies on coordination in OSS projects have studied explicit communication. Research has theorized on the existence of coordination without direct communication or implicit coordination in OSS projects, suggesting that it contributes to their success. However, due to the intangible nature of implicit coordination, no studies have confirmed these theories. We describe how implicit coordination can now be measured in modern collaborative development environments. Through a case study of a popular OSS GitHub-hosted project, we report on how and why features that support implicit coordination are used.
},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_4},
	author = {Blincoe, Kelly and Damian, Daniela},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1738,
	title = {A Qualitative Study on the Adoption of Open Source Software in Information Technology Outsourcing Organizations},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {103-113},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of Outsourcing on Open source software (OSS) and further investigate the factors that impact the adoption of OSS in global Information Technology (IT) outsourcing organizations serviced by Indian IT services providers. This exploratory research adopted positivism research philosophy and qualitative approach. An in-depth interview was conducted with ten participants across IT outsourcing organizations, IT service providers, and OSS service providers. The results show that IT outsourcing was not found to have an impact on OSS adoption. However, eight factors including management support and OSS support availability was identified to influence OSS adoption. IT services providers can utilize this research model to increase their understanding of why some IT outsourcing organizations choose to adopt OSS, while seemingly similar ones facing similar market conditions do not.
},
	keywords = {Diffusion of innovation, Indian IT, IT outsourcing, open source software, OSS adoption, TOE},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_10},
	author = {Ramanathan, Lakshmanan and Iyer, Sundaresan Krishnan},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1743,
	title = {The Right to a Contribution: An Exploratory Survey on How Organizations Address It},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {157-167},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects are characterized by the opportunity to attract external contributors, where contributions can be in any form of copyrightable material, such as code or documentation. In most of them it is understood that contributions would be licensed in similar or compatible terms than the project{\textquoteright}s license. Some projects require a copyright transfer from the contributor to an organization for the work contributed to a project, such documents are known as copyright assignment agreements. In a way, it is similar to the copyright transfer than some researchers grant to a publisher. In this work we present an exploratory survey of the multiple visions of copyright assignments, and aggregate them in a work that researchers and practitioners could use to get informed of the alternatives available in the literature. We expect that our findings help inform practitioners on legal concerns when receiving external contributions.
},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_15},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_15},
	author = {Poo-Caama{\~n}o, Germ{\'a}n and German, DanielM.},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1740,
	title = {The RISCOSS Platform for Risk Management in Open Source Software Adoption},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {124-133},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Managing risks related to OSS adoption is a must for organizations that need to smoothly integrate OSS-related practices in their development processes. Adequate tool support may pave the road to effective risk management and ensure the sustainability of such activity. In this paper, we present the RISCOSS platform for managing risks in OSS adoption. RISCOSS builds upon a highly configurable data model that allows customization to several types of scopes. It implements two different working modes: exploration, where the impact of decisions may be assessed before making them; and continuous assessment, where risk variables (and their possible consequences on business goals) are continuously monitored and reported to decision-makers. The blackboard-oriented architecture of the platform defines several interfaces for the identified techniques, allowing new techniques to be plugged in.
},
	keywords = {Open source adoption, Open Source Projects, open source software, OSS, Risk Management, Software platform},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_12},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_12},
	author = {Franch, X. and Kenett, R. and Mancinelli, F. and Susi, A. and Ameller, D. and Annosi, M.C. and Ben-Jacob, R. and Blumenfeld, Y. and Franco, O.H. and Gross, D. and Lopez, L. and Morandini, M. and Oriol, M. and Siena, A.},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1731,
	title = {Scaling and Internationalizing an Agile FOSS Project: Lessons Learned},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {13-22},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {This paper describes problems that arose with the scaling and internationalization of the open source project Catrobat. The problems we faced were the lack of a centralized user management, insufficient scaling of our communication channels, and the necessity to adapt agile development techniques to remote collaboration. To solve the problems we decided to use a mix of open source tools (Git, IRC, LDAP) and commercial solutions (Jira, Confluence, GitHub) because we believe that this mix best fits our needs. Other projects can benefit from the lessons we learned during the reorganization of our knowledge base and communication tools, as infrastructure changes can be very labor-intensive and time-consuming.},
	keywords = {Agile development, communication, Distributed software development, Documentation management, Internationalization, kanban, Scaling},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_2},
	author = {Fellhofer, Stephan and Harzl, Annemarie and Slany, Wolfgang},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1737,
	title = {Smart Route Planning Using Open Data and Participatory Sensing},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {91-100},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Smart cities are not merely the infusion of technology into a city{\textquoteright}s infrastructure, but also require citizens interacting with their urban environment in a smart and informed manner. Transportation is key aspect of smart cities. In this paper, we present a smart route planning open-source system; SMART-GH utilizes open data and participatory sensing, where citizens actively participate in collecting data about the city in their daily environment, e.g., noise, air pollution, etc. SMART-GH then augments the routing logic with sensor data to answer queries such as {\textquoteleft}return the least noisy route{\textquoteright}. SMART-GH enables citizens to make smarter decisions about their daily commute, and subsequently improve their quality of life.
},
	keywords = {Open-data, open-source, Participatory sensing, Smart-city-routing},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_9},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/nallur15.pdf},
	author = {Nallur, Vivek and Elgammal, Amal and Clarke, Siobh{\'a}n},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1739,
	title = {Surveying the Adoption of FLOSS by Public Administration Local Organizations},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {114-123},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Background. The introduction of Open Source Software technologies in the Public Administration plays a key role in the spread of Open Source Software. The state of the art in the adoption of Open Source Software solutions in the Public Administration is not very well known even in areas like Lombardy, which is Italy{\textquoteright}s largest and most developed region.
Goal. The goal of the investigation documented in this paper is to obtain a clear picture about the introduction of Open Source Software technologies in the Public Administration, the obstacles to their adoption, and the willingness of stakeholders to proceed with their introduction.
Method. We carried out a qualitative and quantitative survey that was submitted to a representative part of the Public Administrations in Lombardy.
Results. The analysis of the qualitative and quantitative information shows that several Public Administrations are already using Open Source Software technologies, though not in all application areas. The savings are one frequently cited incentive to the adoption of Open Source Software. However, one obstacle is the fact that a comprehensive law on software in the Public Administration has not yet been approved.
Conclusions. Our analysis provides results that indicate a common understanding of incentives, obstacles, and opportunities for Open Source Software technologies in Public Administrations.},
	keywords = {FLOSS adoption, Italy, Public administrations, Survey},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_11},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_11},
	author = {Tosi, Davide and Lavazza, Luigi and Morasca, Sandro and Chiappa, Marco},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1736,
	title = {A Systematic Approach for Evaluating BPM Systems: Case Studies on Open Source and Proprietary Tools},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {81-90},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Business Process Management Systems (BPMS) provide support for modeling, developing, deploying, executing and evaluating business processes in an organization. Selecting a BPMS is not a trivial task, not only due to the many existing alternatives, both in the open source and proprietary realms, but also because it requires a thorough evaluation of its capabilities, contextualizing them in the organizational environment in which they will be used. In this paper we present a methodology to guide the systematic evaluation of BPMS that takes into account the specific needs of each organization. It provides a list of key characteristics of BPMS which are ranked by the organization and evaluated using test cases and quantitative criteria. We also present case studies of open source and proprietary BPMS evaluations following our proposal.
},
	keywords = {Business Process Management Systems (BPMS), Evaluation methodology, Open source and proprietary BPMS, Systematic approach},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_8},
	author = {Delgado, Andrea and Calegari, Daniel and Milanese, Pablo and Falcon, Renatta and Garc{\'\i}a, Esteban},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@inbook {1742,
	title = {On the Variability of the BSD and MIT Licenses},
	booktitle = {Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	volume = {451},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {146-156},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {The MIT/X11 and the BSD are two of the most important family of Free and Open Source (FOSS) licenses. Because these licenses are to be inserted into the files that use it, and because they are expected to be changed by those who use them, their text has suffered alterations over time. Some of this variability is the result of licenses containing template fields which allow the license to be customized to include information such as the copyright holder name. Other variability can be attributed to changes in spelling, punctuation, and adding or removing conditions. This study empirically evaluated the extent that the BSD and MIT/X11 family of licenses are varied, and the manner and frequency in which license texts vary from the original definition. The study found that the BSD family has little variability, with a significant proportion fitting the common standard. The MIT/X11 family of licenses exhibited significantly more variation, with a higher propensity to customize the license text. In addition, the MIT/X11 license has spawned several specialized variants which likely constitute different legal meanings. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed on what variability needs to be accommodated by the Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) which is in the process of standardizing the allowed variability of both licenses.
},
	isbn = {978-3-319-17836-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_14},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17837-0_14},
	author = {Maryka, Trevor and German, DanielM. and Poo-Caama{\~n}o, Germ{\'a}n},
	editor = {Damiani, Ernesto and Frati, Fulvio and Dirk Riehle and Wasserman, Anthony I.}
}
@conference {1694,
	title = {Cream of the crop},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {In open content communities like Wikipedia and StackOverflow and in open source software projects, a small proportion of users produce a majority of the content and take on much of the required community maintenance work. Understanding this class of users is crucial to creating and sustaining healthy communities. We carried out a mixed-method study of core contributors to the Cyclopath geographic wiki and bicycle routing web site. We present our findings and organize our discussion using concepts from activity theory. We found that the Cyclopath core contributors aren{\textquoteright}t the dedicated cyclists and that the characteristics of the community shape the site, the rules, and the tools for contributing. Additionally, we found that numerous aspects about the surrounding ecology of related systems and communities may help to shape how the site functions and views itself. We draw implications for future research and design from these findings.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641609},
	author = {Katherine Panciera and Mikhil Masli and Loren Terveen}
}
@conference {1692,
	title = {Hackers on Forking},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {All open source licenses allow the copying of an existing body of code for use as the basis of a separate development project. This practice is commonly known as forking the code. This paper presents the results of a study in which 11 programmers were interviewed about their opinions on the right to fork and the impact of forking on open source software development.

The results show that there is a general consensus among programmers{\textquoteright} views regarding both the favourable and unfavourable aspects that stem from the right to fork. Interestingly, while all programmers noted potential downsides to the right to fork, it was seen by all as an integral component of open source software, and a right that must not be infringed regardless of circumstance or outcome.},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641590},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/p06.pdf},
	author = {Nyman, Linus}
}
@conference {1693,
	title = {Initial Results from the Study of the Open Source Sector in Belgium},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 5},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {The economy of FLOSS (Free and open source software) has been the subject of numerous studies and publications, particularly on the issue of business models. However, there are fewer studies on the local networks of FLOSS providers. This research focuses on the ecosystem of Belgian FLOSS providers and, more specifically, their geographical distribution, the activities, technologies and software they support, their business models, their economic performance and the relationships between companies. The research is based on a directory containing nearly 150 companies. This directory led to the creation of a specialized search engine that helped to improve annotation. The research also uses financial data provided by the Belgian Central Balance Sheet Office. The initial results of this study show a concentration in major economic areas. The businesses are more active in the services and are heavily involved activities such as infrastructure software and Web development, activities which were common in the early years of free software development. Services for the support of business software is also common. A first analysis of the graph of relationships between providers{\textquoteright} websites highlights the role that is played by the multinational IT companies, by FLOSS editors, by commercial FLOSS associations and especially by the Walloon centers of competence that offer vast training catalogs that are dedicated to FLOSS. This research opens up many perspectives for improving the automation of the company directory updates, the analysis of the relationship between enterprises, and the automation of the financial analysis of companies.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641591},
	author = {Viseur, Robert}
}
@conference {1690,
	title = {"The Institutionalization of Digital Openness"},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 2},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {Around the world national and municipal governments launch open data initiatives with declared goals like increased efficiency, transparency or economic growth. However, although little of these effects have been proven, more and more administrations open up their datasets to the public. The dissertation project describes this phenomenon as the ongoing institutionalization of digital openness in the field of public sector information. With empirical evidence from three case studies in large European cities the research project intends to theorize how NGOs, hackers and certain civil servants turn open data into an institution, which more and more public bodies feel the need to adapt to.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641626},
	author = {Maximilian Heimst{\"a}dt}
}
@conference {1691,
	title = {Older Adults and Free/Open Source Software},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {The global population is aging rapidly, and older adults are becoming increasingly technically savvy. This paper explores ways to engage these individuals to contribute to free/open source software (FOSS) projects. We conducted a pilot diary study to explore motivations, barriers, and the contribution processes of first-time contributors in a real time, qualitative manner. In addition, we measured their self-efficacy before and after their participation. We found that what drove participants were intrinsic motivations, altruism, and internal values, which differed from previous work with older adults and with the general FOSS population. We also found that self-efficacy did not change significantly, even when participants encountered significant barriers or setbacks. The top 3 barriers were lack of communication, installation issues, and documentation issues. We found that asking for and receiving help, and avoiding difficult development environments were more likely to lead to success. To verify these results, we encourage a future large-scale diary study that involves multiple demographics. Given our pilot study, we recommend that future outreach efforts involving older adults focus on how to effectively communicate and build community amongst older contributors.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641589},
	author = {Davidson, Jennifer and Umme Ayda Mannan and Rithika Naik and Ishneet Dua and Jensen, Carlos}
}
@proceedings {1569,
	title = {PAID VS. VOLUNTEER WORK IN OPEN SOURCE},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {3286-3295},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	abstract = {Many open source projects have long become commercial. This paper shows just how much of open source software development is paid work and how much has remained volunteer work. Using a conservative approach, we find that about 50\% of all open source software development has been paid work for many years now and that many small projects are fully paid for by companies. However, we also find that any non-trivial project balances the amount of paid developer with volunteer work, and we suggest that the ratio of volunteer to paid work can serve as an indicator for the health of open source projects and aid the management of the respective communities.},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2014.407},
	url = {http://dirkriehle.com/uploads/2013/08/paid-v8-final-web.pdf},
	author = {Dirk Riehle and Riemer, Philipp and Carsten Kolassa and Michael Schmidt}
}
@book {1546,
	title = {A Dual Model of Open Source License Growth},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication TechnologyOpen Source Software: Quality Verification},
	volume = {404},
	year = {2013},
	note = {uses ohloh snapshot, march 2008},
	pages = {245 - 256},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	abstract = {

Every open source project needs to decide on an open source license. This decision is of high economic relevance: Just which license is the best one to help the project grow and attract a community? The most common question is: Should the project choose a restrictive (reciprocal) license or a more permissive one? As an important step towards answering this question, this paper analyses actual license choice and correlated project growth from ten years of open source projects. It provides closed analytical models and finds that around 2001 a reversal in license choice occurred from restrictive towards permissive licenses.
},
	keywords = {ohloh},
	isbn = {978-3-642-38928-3},
	issn = {1868-422X},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-38928-3_18},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/oss2013.hofmann.pdf},
	author = {Hofmann, Gottfried and Dirk Riehle and Carsten Kolassa and Mauerer, Wolfgang},
	editor = {Petrinja, Etiel and Succi, Giancarlo and Ioini, Nabil and Sillitti, Alberto}
}
@article {1689,
	title = {A short report on WikiSym + OpenSym 2013},
	journal = {ACM SIGWEB Newsletter},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09/2013},
	pages = {1 - 2},
	abstract = {WikiSym + OpenSym 2013 is the 2013 Joint International Symposium on Open Collaboration, a conference for and by researchers and practitioners of open collaboration, which took place in Hong Kong on Aug 5-7, 2013.},
	issn = {19311745},
	doi = {10.1145/2528272.2528273},
	author = {Dirk Riehle}
}
@proceedings {1440,
	title = {A Model of Open Source Developer Foundations},
	volume = {378},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {15-28},
	publisher = {IFIP AICT},
	abstract = {Many community open source projects are of high economic relevance. As these projects mature, their leaders face a choice of continuing the project as is, making the project join an existing foundation, or creating their own foundation for the project. This article presents a model of open source developer foundations that project leaders can use to compare existing foundations with their needs or to design their own. The model is based on a three- iteration qualitative study involving interviews and supplementary materials review. To demonstrate its usefulness, we apply the model to nine foundations and present their organizational choices in a comparative table format.},
	url = {http://dirkriehle.com/uploads/2012/05/Riehle-MOSDF-v12-Final-Web.pdf},
	author = {Dirk Riehle and Sebastian Berschneider}
}
@article {1856,
	title = {The Economic Case for Open Source Foundations},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	pages = {86 - 90},
	abstract = {An open source foun-da-tion is a group of peo-ple and com-pa-nies that has come together to jointly develop com-mu-nity open source soft-ware. Exam-ples include the Apache Soft-ware Foun-da-tion, the Eclipse Foun-da-tion, and the Gnome Foun-da-tion. There are many rea-sons why soft-ware devel-op-ment firms join and sup-port a foun-da-tion. One com-mon eco-nomic moti-va-tion is to save costs in the devel-op-ment of the soft-ware by spread-ing them over the par-tic-i-pat-ing par-ties. How-ever, this is just the begin-ning. Beyond shar-ing costs, par-tic-i-pat-ing firms can increase their rev-enue through the pro-vi-sion and increased sale of com-ple-men-tary prod-ucts. Also, by estab-lish-ing a suc-cess-ful open source plat-form, soft-ware firms can com-pete more effec-tively across tech-nol-ogy stacks and thereby increase their address-able mar-ket. Not to be neglected, com-mu-nity open source soft-ware is a com-mon good, cre-at-ing increased gen-eral wel-fare and hence good-will for the involved com-pa-nies.},
	issn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.2010.24},
	url = {http://dirkriehle.com/2010/01/06/the-economic-case-for-open-source-foundations/},
	author = {Dirk Riehle}
}
@conference {1264,
	title = {The Commit Size Distribution of Open Source Software},
	booktitle = {2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2009)},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"We use the database of the open source analytics firm Ohloh Inc."
"This article is based on a March 2008 database snapshot, which contains 9,363 completely crawled and analyzed projects covering a time frame from January 1990 to February 2008."
"The Ohloh database provides the complete configuration management history of each crawled project (to the extent available on the web). Thus, every single commit action of all the projects over their entire history is available."
"We measure the size of commits in this paper in source lines of code (SLoC) using Ohloh{\textquoteright}s own open source diff too"},
	pages = {1 - 8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA},
	abstract = {With the growing economic importance of open source, we need to improve our understanding of how open source software development processes work. The analysis of code contributions to open source projects is an important part of such research. In this paper we analyze the size of code contributions to more than 9,000 open source projects. We review the total distribution and distinguish three categories of code contributions using a size-based heuristic: single focused commits, aggregate team contributions, and repository refactorings. We find that both the overall distribution and the individual categories follow a power law. We also suggest that distinguishing these commit categories by size will benefit future analyses.},
	keywords = {commits, configuration management, history, lines of code, sloc, source code},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-3450-3},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.421},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/07-07-07.pdf},
	author = {Arafat, O. and Dirk Riehle}
}
@conference {579,
	title = {Estimating Commit Sizes Efficiently},
	booktitle = {OSS2009: Open Source Ecosystems: Diverse Communities Interacting (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology },
	volume = {299/2009},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {105 - 115},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	chapter = {11},
	abstract = {The quantitative analysis of software projects can provide insights that let us better understand open source and other software development projects. An important variable used in the analysis of software projects is the amount of work being contributed, the commit size. Unfortunately, post-facto, the commit size can only be estimated, not measured. This paper presents several algorithms for estimating the commit size. Our performance evaluation shows that simple, straightforward heuristics are superior to the more complex text-analysis-based algorithms. Not only are the heuristics significantly faster to compute, they also deliver more accurate results when estimating commit sizes. Based on this experience, we design and present an algorithm that improves on the heuristics, can be computed equally fast, and is more accurate than any of the prior approaches.
},
	issn = {978-3-642-02031-5},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02032-2_11},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Estimating\%20Commit\%20Sizes\%20Effciently.pdf},
	author = {Hofmann, Philipp and Dirk Riehle}
}
@conference {550,
	title = {Continuous Integration in Open Source Software Development},
	booktitle = {OSS2008: Open Source Development, Communities and Quality (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing},
	volume = {275/2008},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {273 - 280},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	chapter = {23},
	abstract = {Commercial software firms are increasingly using and contributing to open source software. Thus, they need to understand and work with open source software development processes. This paper investigates whether the practice of continuous integration of agile software development methods has had an impact on open source software projects. Using fine-granular data from more than 5000 active open source software projects we analyze the size of code contributions over a project{\textquoteright}s life-span. Code contribution size has stayed flat. We interpret this to mean that open source software development has not changed its code integration practices. In particular, within the limits of this study, we claim that the practice of continuous integration has not yet significantly influenced the behavior of open source software developers.
},
	issn = {978-0-387-09683-4},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09684-1_23},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Continous\%20Integration.pdf},
	author = {Amit Deshpande and Dirk Riehle}
}
@conference {504,
	title = {Continuous Integration in Open Source Software Development},
	booktitle = {Fourth International Conference on Open Source Software},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Sept},
	abstract = {Commercial software firms are increasingly using and contributing to open source software. Thus, they need to understand and work with open source software development processes. This paper investigates whether the practice of continuous integration of agile software development methods has had an impact on open source software projects. Using fine-granular data from more than 5000 active open source software projects we analyze the size of code contributions over a project{\textquoteright}s life-span. Code contribution size has stayed flat. We interpret this to mean that open source software development has not changed its code integration practices. In particular, within the limits of this study, we claim that the practice of continuous integration has not yet significantly influenced the behavior of open source software developers.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/oss-2008-continuous-integration-final.pdf},
	author = {Amit Deshpande and Dirk Riehle}
}
@conference {543,
	title = {The Total Growth of Open Source},
	booktitle = {OSS2008: Open Source Development, Communities and Quality (IFIP 2.13)},
	series = {IFIP International Federation for Information Processing},
	volume = {275/2008},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {197 - 209},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	chapter = {16},
	abstract = {Software development is undergoing a major change away from a fully closed software process towards a process that incorporates open source software in products and services. Just how significant is that change? To answer this question we need to look at the overall growth of open source as well as its growth rate. In this paper, we quantitatively analyze the growth of more than 5000 active and popular open source software projects. We show that the total amount of source code as well as the total number of open source projects is growing at an exponential rate. Previous research showed linear and quadratic growth in lines of source code of individual open source projects. Our work shows that open source is expanding into new domains and applications at an exponential rate.
},
	issn = {978-0-387-09683-4},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09684-1_16},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Total\%20Growth\%20of\%20Open\%20Source.pdf},
	author = {Amit Deshpande and Dirk Riehle}
}
@booklet {492,
	title = {The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	abstract = {Open source software has changed the rules of the game, impacting significantly the economic behavior of stakeholders in the software ecosystem. In this new environment, developers strive to be committers, vendors feel pressure to produce open source products, and system integrators anticipate boosting profits.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/computer-2007.pdf},
	author = {Dirk Riehle}
}
