@conference {1694,
	title = {Cream of the crop},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {In open content communities like Wikipedia and StackOverflow and in open source software projects, a small proportion of users produce a majority of the content and take on much of the required community maintenance work. Understanding this class of users is crucial to creating and sustaining healthy communities. We carried out a mixed-method study of core contributors to the Cyclopath geographic wiki and bicycle routing web site. We present our findings and organize our discussion using concepts from activity theory. We found that the Cyclopath core contributors aren{\textquoteright}t the dedicated cyclists and that the characteristics of the community shape the site, the rules, and the tools for contributing. Additionally, we found that numerous aspects about the surrounding ecology of related systems and communities may help to shape how the site functions and views itself. We draw implications for future research and design from these findings.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641609},
	author = {Katherine Panciera and Mikhil Masli and Loren Terveen}
}
@conference {1692,
	title = {Hackers on Forking},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {All open source licenses allow the copying of an existing body of code for use as the basis of a separate development project. This practice is commonly known as forking the code. This paper presents the results of a study in which 11 programmers were interviewed about their opinions on the right to fork and the impact of forking on open source software development.

The results show that there is a general consensus among programmers{\textquoteright} views regarding both the favourable and unfavourable aspects that stem from the right to fork. Interestingly, while all programmers noted potential downsides to the right to fork, it was seen by all as an integral component of open source software, and a right that must not be infringed regardless of circumstance or outcome.},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641590},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/p06.pdf},
	author = {Nyman, Linus}
}
@conference {1693,
	title = {Initial Results from the Study of the Open Source Sector in Belgium},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 5},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {The economy of FLOSS (Free and open source software) has been the subject of numerous studies and publications, particularly on the issue of business models. However, there are fewer studies on the local networks of FLOSS providers. This research focuses on the ecosystem of Belgian FLOSS providers and, more specifically, their geographical distribution, the activities, technologies and software they support, their business models, their economic performance and the relationships between companies. The research is based on a directory containing nearly 150 companies. This directory led to the creation of a specialized search engine that helped to improve annotation. The research also uses financial data provided by the Belgian Central Balance Sheet Office. The initial results of this study show a concentration in major economic areas. The businesses are more active in the services and are heavily involved activities such as infrastructure software and Web development, activities which were common in the early years of free software development. Services for the support of business software is also common. A first analysis of the graph of relationships between providers{\textquoteright} websites highlights the role that is played by the multinational IT companies, by FLOSS editors, by commercial FLOSS associations and especially by the Walloon centers of competence that offer vast training catalogs that are dedicated to FLOSS. This research opens up many perspectives for improving the automation of the company directory updates, the analysis of the relationship between enterprises, and the automation of the financial analysis of companies.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641591},
	author = {Viseur, Robert}
}
@conference {1690,
	title = {"The Institutionalization of Digital Openness"},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 2},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {Around the world national and municipal governments launch open data initiatives with declared goals like increased efficiency, transparency or economic growth. However, although little of these effects have been proven, more and more administrations open up their datasets to the public. The dissertation project describes this phenomenon as the ongoing institutionalization of digital openness in the field of public sector information. With empirical evidence from three case studies in large European cities the research project intends to theorize how NGOs, hackers and certain civil servants turn open data into an institution, which more and more public bodies feel the need to adapt to.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641626},
	author = {Maximilian Heimst{\"a}dt}
}
@conference {1691,
	title = {Older Adults and Free/Open Source Software},
	booktitle = {The International SymposiumProceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Berlin, GermanyNew York, New York, USA},
	abstract = {The global population is aging rapidly, and older adults are becoming increasingly technically savvy. This paper explores ways to engage these individuals to contribute to free/open source software (FOSS) projects. We conducted a pilot diary study to explore motivations, barriers, and the contribution processes of first-time contributors in a real time, qualitative manner. In addition, we measured their self-efficacy before and after their participation. We found that what drove participants were intrinsic motivations, altruism, and internal values, which differed from previous work with older adults and with the general FOSS population. We also found that self-efficacy did not change significantly, even when participants encountered significant barriers or setbacks. The top 3 barriers were lack of communication, installation issues, and documentation issues. We found that asking for and receiving help, and avoiding difficult development environments were more likely to lead to success. To verify these results, we encourage a future large-scale diary study that involves multiple demographics. Given our pilot study, we recommend that future outreach efforts involving older adults focus on how to effectively communicate and build community amongst older contributors.
},
	isbn = {9781450330169},
	doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641589},
	author = {Davidson, Jennifer and Umme Ayda Mannan and Rithika Naik and Ishneet Dua and Jensen, Carlos}
}
@booklet {522,
	title = {Developing {\textquoteright}FLOSS{\textquoteright} - A Market Driven Investment: First Evidence from a Francophone Companies Survey},
	year = {2008},
	abstract = {Over the last few years, FLOSS (""Free Libre Open Source Software"") has become a commercially viable reality of the first order. It is viewed as an extreme case of open innovation (Chesbrough, 2003), and thus of a laboratory for analysing innovation production in Internet based/knowledge based industries.

It the FLOSS field an increasing number of companies are getting involved in the communities of development (Lakhani \& Wolf 2005). Scholars (see, for instance Dahlander \& Wallin 2006) has analysed this as a way to control a complementary asset, without owning it (as defined by Teece 1986, Teece \& al. 1997). In this article, we defend the idea that involvement can be of different intensity, from complementary to specific asset, and that this intensity depends of the market of the firm.

To do so, we surveyed francophone companies (France, Belgium, Switzerland) affirming a utilization of FLOSS in their commercial activity. Based on roughly 500 companies concerned, we obtained 141 usable responses and, via an ascendant hierarchical clustering (AHC) we statistically verified a link between FLOSS commercial strategies and degree of involvement into communities. We propose a typology of commercial strategies explaining this differences in involvement.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/NJullien_firms_strategies_regarding_FLOSS_octobre.pdf , https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Jullien_4-2008.pdf},
	author = {Nicolas Jullien}
}
@article {flosswp302,
	title = {How free software developers work. The mobilization of "distant communities"},
	year = {2006},
	month = {January},
	abstract = {The work of free software developers is an individual activity carried out in extremely heterogeneous conditions and a collective action with original production methods. We propose to analyze this work starting with the paradoxical notion of a "distant community", that aims to illustrate the tension between, on the one hand, the strength of the sense of belonging to a specific world identifiable in the discourse of the participants and, on the other hand, the distances that separate the contributors in terms of relationships, status, and background. In doing this the aim is to produce a description, necessarily plural, of the different forms of "distant communities" that enables the production of goods in unique social and organizational conditions. More generally speaking, this notion points to methods of coordination that combine two forms of collective action that are usually contrary and antagonistic: a communitarian form based on the subjective feeling of belonging to the same community and a form of partnership based on the coordination of common interests and sharing of objectives (T??nnies, 1887, Weber, 1921). At first, we examine the ways the individual participants organize themselves in order to contribute to a project and we focus on the forms of cooperation and coordination used to deal with the constraints of efficiency and quality associated with the distribution of a product. Secondly, we look at the other side of the coin and examine the ways individual participants take action and we underline the mechanisms of commitment and participation that account for their contribution to the production of free software. These two dimensions, that in our opinion are inseparable, are explored through a survey carried out with free software developers.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/CLES_DDFHNJ_juin_2006__vm_Anglais.pdf},
	author = {Didier Demazi{\`e}re and Francois Horn and Nicolas Jullien}
}
@article {flosswp241,
	title = {New approaches to intellectual property : from open software to knowledge based industrial activities},
	year = {2005},
	month = {October},
	abstract = {We analyze the question of intellectual property in computer software, showing that both copyright and patents do not fit to the specificities and needs of this industry. The alternative model of Open Source Software, based on a very new juridical concept called GPL "General Public License", tends to take a growing importance. We explain its main characteristics, which consist to impose to the producers to disclose the source-code of the concerned programs and of any further improvement if they re-distribute/resell it. We show that by doing that it introduces a totally different approach of intellectual property within industrial strategies, based on a weaker intellectual protection. We discuss the consequences of such a movement in intistitutional and public policy terms and we enlarge the approach to understand its exemplariness, in the context of a knowledge based economy, for a growing number of industrial activities.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/jullienzimmermann.pdf},
	author = {Nicolas Jullien and Jean-Beno\^{\i}t Zimmermann}
}
@article {flosswp22,
	title = {Open-Source vs. Proprietary Software},
	year = {2002},
	month = {January},
	abstract = {The article studies technological competition between open-source and proprietary software using a model from interaction theory. We argue that the organizational structure of open-source software, allowed by openness of source codes and by the subsequent development of dedicated communities, is a key feature which, together with compatibility, can allow open-source software to overcome existing proprietary standards.},
	attachments = {https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/dalle2.pdf},
	author = {Jean-Michel Dalle and Nicolas Jullien}
}
